TechnologyTransfer in Germany
When it comes to translatingbasic research into industrial Success, few nations can matchGermany. Since the1940s, the nation's vast industrial base has been fed with a constant streamofnew ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered(衰退) over the past decadebecause of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as theglobal economicdecline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit.
Much of the reason for thatsuccess is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of researchinstitutes that existssolely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies.Buttoday the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking anever larger role intechnology transfer, and technology parks are springing upall over, These efforts are beingcomplemented by the federal programmes forpumping money into start-up companies.
Such a strategy may sound likea recipe for economic success, but it is not without itscritics. These peopleworry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basicscience,eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist startsthinking like an entrepreneur(企业家), the argument goes,then the traditional principles of university research beingcuriosity-driven,free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of theprogrammesto promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half thesmallbusinesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.
While this debate continues,new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany's researchnetworks, which bearfamous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is thefourthnetwork, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technologytransfer.
Founded in 1949, theFraunhofer Society is now Europe's largest organisation for appliedtechnology,and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year,itswallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology inBerlin. Today,there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.
What factor can be attributedto German prosperity__________?
A.Technology transfer.
B.Good management.
C.Hard work.
D.Fierce competition.
32、 Which of the following is NOT true of traditional universityresearch__________?
A.It is free.
B.It is profit-driven.
C.It is widely available
D.It is curiosity-driven.
33、 The Fraunhofer Society is the largest organisation for applied technologyin__________
A.Asia
B.USA
C.Europe
D.Africa
34、 When was the Fraunhofer Society founded__________?
A.In 1940.
B.Last year.
C.After the unification.
D.In 1949.
35、 The word "expertise" in line 3 could be best replaced by__________
A."experts,"
B."scientists"
C."scholars"
D."specialknowledge"
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