职称英语习题练习

职称英语考试综合类每日一练（2015-10-24）
第1、2、3、4、5题：
Why Would They Falsely Confess?
Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most
people，it just doesn’t seem logical．But it is logical，say expels，if you understand what Call happen in a police interrogation(审讯)room．
Under t11e right conditions，people’s minds are susceptible(易受影响的)to influence，and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问)is enormous．       (46)“Thepressure is important to understand．because otherwise it’s impossible to understand whysomeone would say he did something he didn’t do．The answer is：to put an end to an
uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess．’’
Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory
determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn’t do．
study to        (47)The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the ‘‘alt’’ key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility.
Redlich’s findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess：59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed       (48)Of
the 1 5-to 1 6-year-olds，72 percent signed confessions，as did 78 percent of the 1 2-to
13-year-olds．
“There’s no question that young people are more at risk，”says Saul Kassin，Professor at Williams College，who has done similar studies with similar results.        (49)a psychologyBoth Kassin and Redlich note that the entire ‘‘interrogation” in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation--not hours of aggressive questioning--and still，most participants falsely confessed．
Because of the stress of a police interrogation，they conclude，suspects can become
convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation．        (50)
A In her experiment．participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the “alt'’ key，because doing SO would crash the systems．
B “In some ways，”says Kassin，“false confession becomes a rational decision．’’
C  ‘‘It’s a little like somebody’s working on them with a dental(牙齿的)drill，”says Franklin Zimring，a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.
D “But adults are highly vulnerable too．’’
E How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn’t do?
F Redlich also found that the younger the participant，the more likely a false confession.
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第6、7、8、9、10、11、12题：

16.When Ruth and Eliiot Handler was young, they had a strong desire to be highly successful.A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
17、 Harold Mattson, Ruth and Elliot Handler owned Mattel.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
18、 Lilli, who took the shape of a pretty girl, was fashioned after a German doll.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
19、 Ruth Handlers inspiration for the design of Barbie doll come from a fashion designer.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
20、 Since 1959 more and more people are in the market for the Barbie doll.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
21、 Since the birth of the Barbie doll it has served as a sign to show the tendency of the fashion.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
22、 The Barbie doll has undergone many changes over the years.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned

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第13题：
It is obvious that he will win the game．
A likely 
B possible
C  clear 
D probable
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第14、15、16、17、18题：    Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer
    Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near starvation dietprolongs the life of many animals.Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been ableto extend the lifespan (寿命) of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodent's (啮齿动物) increase of fat in specific cells. This suggests that thinness -- and not necessarily diet --promotes long life in "calorie (卡路里) restricted" animals.
    "It's very cool work. " says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco. "These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. It's like heaven."Calorie restrition dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents. Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet.
    But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer life. One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells. But Kahn's team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.
To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin (胰岛素) receptor (受体) gene in lab mice -- but only in their fat cells. "Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat," explains Kahn.
    This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects. By three months of age, Kahn, thoses modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice, despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight. In addition, their lifespan increased. The average control mouse lived 753 days, while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days. After three years, all the control mice had died, but one-quarter of the modified rodents were still alive.
    "That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial," says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who studies calorie restriction and aging. But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie-restricted animals. "It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life," he points out, "and that would be very interesting. "
Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by____
A. offering them less food
B. giving them a balanced diet
C. disrupting the specific genes in their fat cells
D. preventing them growing larger


 42According to the passage, we do not know whether humans will benefit from takingin fewer calories partly because____
A. humans, worms and rodents are different
B. most people are not willing to be put on a strict diet
C. the effect is not known
D. genetic changes in tissues can not be performed on humans


 43What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply____?
A. People like to lose weight, but they do not like to eat less.
B. People want to go to heaven, but they do not want to die
C. Mice will go to heaven if they lose weight.
D. Mice enjoy losing weight.


44The average modified mouse lived____
A. 3 years
B. 753 days
C. More than 3 years
D. 887 days

 
45What can be inferred from the passage about the route to long life____?
A. It remains to be studied.
B. It has already been discovered.
C. Eating more leads to long life.
D. Eating less leads to long life.


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第19、20、21、22、23题：

The Joy of Living Alone

More and more Americans are living alone．Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner．——(46)According to a recent U．S．census(人口普查)，25percent of all households in the U．S．are made up of just one person．This is adramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago．

The typical person living alone is neither oldnor lonely．——(47)The majority of these people havechosen to live alone．They are responding to decreasingsocial pressure to get married and have a family．

It’s now sociallyacceptable，even fashionable，tolive alone．As people get better jobs and becomefinancially independent，it becomes possible for them tomaintain a one．Person household．——(48)However, people who do get married are marrying at a later ageand divorcing more often．

The number one reason given by most people forliving alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want todo it．“Living alone is a luxury,”says Nina Hagiwara， “Once you do it，you can’t ever go back to living with others．’’David C’Debaca， agrees．________ (49)

Children think that being grown up means beingable to do exactly as they please．

________ (50)The chance to discover whetherthat freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americansare taking.

A There’s more pressureto get married nowadays

B The growing number of women with good jobshas done much to increase the number of people living alone．

C However, even more people are living alonebecause they have chosen to．

D It seems that many grown-ups today arerealizing that childhood dream

E In fact，a quarter ofthe 23 million single people in the U．S．are under the age of 35

F He says，“I like beingby myself．”

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第24、25、26、27、28题：
第三篇　　　　　　　　　Technology Transfer in Germany
When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success，few nations can match Germany．Since the 1940s，the nation’s vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science．And though German prosperity(繁荣)has faltered(衰退)over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline，it still has an enviable(令人羡慕的)record for turning ideas into profit．
Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies•But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition．Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer，and technology parks are springing up all over．These efforts are being complemented by the federal programs for pumping money into start-up companies.
Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success，but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favoring applied research will mean neglecting basic science， eventually starving industry of flesh ideas．If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur(企业家)，the argument goes，then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity．driven：free and widely available will suffer．Others claim that many of the programs to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.
While this debate continues，new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany’s research networks，which bear famous names such as Helmholtz，Max Planck and Leibniz．Yet it is the fourth network，the Fraunhofer Society，that plays the greatest role in technology transfer．
Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe’S largest organization for applied technology，and has 59 institutes employing 1 2，000 people．It continues to grow．Last year’it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin．Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia．




41 What factor Can be attributed to German prosperity?
A Technology transfer．
B Good management．
C Hard work．
D  Fierce competition．
42 Which of the following is NOT true of traditional university research?
A  It is free．
B  It is profit-driven．
C  It is widely available．
D  It is curiosity—driven．
43 The Fraunhofer Society is the largest organization for applied technology in
A  Asia．
B  USA．
C  Europe．
D  Africa．
44 When was the Fraunhofer Society founded?
A  In 1940．
B Last year．
C  After the unification．
D  In 1949．
45 The word“expertise’’in line 3 could be best replaced by
A  “experts”．
B  “scientists”．
C  “scholars”．
D  “special knowledge”．
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第29、30、31、32、33题：Artificial Intelligence
For years there have been endless articles stating that scientists are on the verge of achieving artificial intelligence and that it is just around the corner.The truth is that it may be just around the corner, but they haven't yet found the fight block.
 Artificial intelligence aims to build machines that can think. One immediate problem is to define thought,which is harder than you might think.The specialists in the field of artificial intelligence complain, with some justification, that anything that their machines do is dismissed as not being thought. For example, computer now plays very, very good chess.
 They can't beat the greatest players in the world, but they can beat just about anybody else.If a human being played chess at this level, he or she would certainly be considered smart.Why not a machine? The answer is that the machine doesn't do anything clever in playing chess. It uses its blinding speed to do a brute force search of all possible moves for several moves ahead, evaluates the outcomes and picks the best.Human don't play chess that way.They see patterns, while computers don't.
This wooden approach to thought characterizes machine intelligence.Computers have no judgment, no common sense.So-called expert systems, one of the hottest areas in artificial intelligence aims to mimic the reasoning processes of human experts in a limited field, such as medical diagnosis or weather forecasting.There may be limited commercial applications for this sort of thing, but there is no way to make a machine that can think about anything under the sun, which a teenager can do.
The hallmark of artificial intelligence to date is that if a problem is severely restricted, a machine can achieve limited success.But when the problem is expanded to a realistic one computers fall fiat on their display screens.For example.machines can understand a few words spoken individually by a speaker that they have been trained to hear.They cannot understand continuous speech using an unlimited vocabulary spoken by just any speaker.
According to the passage, we know that the writer__________.
A．thinks that artificial intelligence is just around the corner
B．doubts whether scientists can ever find artificial intelligence
C．does not believe that scientists have discovered real artificial intelligence
D．feels certain that scientists have obtained real artificial intelligence
37、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The author assumes that the specialists' complaints do not hold water.
B．Anything that computers do should be seen as thought.
C．It is very hard to define thought in the first place.
D．Computers can play chess just like humans.
38、 The advantage for computers in chess lies in__________.
A．its intelligence in thinking out novel moves
B．its ability to make best use of all possible moves rapidly
C．its flexibility choosing moves
D．its capacity in patterns recognition
39、 What is particular for machine intelligence?
A．Its flawless judgment. 
B．Its good flexibility.
C．Its ability to think broadly. 
D．Its rigid approach to thought.
40、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Computers can beat any person in playing chess.
B．Computers can never be employed in weather forecast.
C．Computers can be trained to understand some human words.
D．Computers can be made to think as a teenager does.

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第34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48题：
Less Is More
It sounds all wrong--drilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to knocks．But it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood rather than focusing on one weak spot．The discovery should lead to more effective and lighter packaging materials.
Carpenters have known       (51)centuries that some woods are tougher than others．
Hickory(山核桃木)，for example，was turned into axe handles and cartwheel spokes(轮辐)
because it Can absorb shocks without breaking．White oak，for example，is much more easily
damaged，        (52)it is almost as dense．Julian Vincent at Bathe University and his team
were convinced the wood’s internal structure could explain the differences．
Many trees have tubular(管的)vessels that run       (53)the trunk and carry water to the leaves．In oak they are large，and arranged in narrow bands，but in hickory they are smaller，and more evenly distributed．The researchers       (54)this layout might distribute a blow’s energy throughout the wood．soaking up a bigger hit．To test the idea，they drilled holes 0.65 millimetres across into a block of spruce(云杉)，a wood with       (55)vessels，and found
that      (56)withstood a harder knock．       (57)when there were more than about 30
holes per square centimetre did the wood’s performance drop off．
A uniform substance doesn’t cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of the material is actually      (58)．All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking the
material in one or two places，but often the pieces left      (59)are pristine(未经破坏的)．
But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place，the holes provide many weak
spots that all absorb energy as they break，says Vincent．“You are controlling the places
(60)the wood breaks，and it can then absorb more      (61)，more safely．”
The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any material-       (62)
example．to manufacture lighter and more protective packaging．It could        (63)be used
in Car bumpers，crash barriers and armour for military vehicles，says Ulrike Wegst，       (64)the Max Plank Institute for Mental Research in Stuttgart．But she emphasizes that you
(65)to design the substance with the direction of force in mind．“The direction of
loading is crucial，”she says．


51   A  in          B   since           C   for          D   at
52   A  or          B   although        C   and          D   despite
53   A  down          B   over           C   up          D   into
54   A  knew          B   concluded      C   saw         D   thought
55   A  no            B   per            C   each        D   every
56   A  it            B   the idea       C   they        D   spruce
57   A  if            B   Just           C   Only        D   Rarely
58   A  effected      B   beaten         C   slapped     D   affected
59   A  behind        B   beyond         C   for         D   in
60   A  which         B   there          C   that        D   where
61   A  water         B   air            C   energy      D   safety
62   A  among         B   in             C   as          D   for
63   A  also          B   besides        C   else        D   yet
64   A  over          B   at             C   around      D   on
65   A  have          B   must           C   should      D   had
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第49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56题：
How Technology Pushes Down Price
1　Prices have fallen in the food business because of advances in food production and distribution technology. Consumers have benefited greatly from those advances. People who predicted that the world would run out of food were wrong. We are producing more and more food with less and less capital. Good is therefore more plentiful and cheaper than it has ever been. Spending on food compared with other goods has fallen for many years, and continues to drop.
2　　Supermarkets have helped push down prices mainly because of their scale. Like any big business, they can invest in IT systems that make them efficient. And their size allows them to buy in bulk. As supermarkets get bigger, the prices get lower
3　　Huge retail companies such as Wal-Mart have tremendous power and they can put pressure on producers to cut their margins. As a result, some producers have had to make cuts. In recent years, Unilever has cut its workforce by 33,000 to 245,000 and dropped lots of its minor brands as part of its “path to growth” strategy. Cadbury has shut nearly 20 per cent of its 133 factories and cut 10 per cent of its 55,000 global workforce. These cuts help keep costs down, and the price of food stays low.
4　　Does cheap food make people unhealthy? Cheap food may encourage people to eat more. Good companies certainly think that giving people more food for their money makes them buy more. Giving people bigger portions is an easy way of making them feel they have got a better deal. That is why portions have got larger and larger. In America, soft drinks came in 8oz (225g) cans in the past, then 12oz (350g), and now come in 20oz (550g) cans. If a company can sell you an 8oz portion for $7, they can sell you a 12oz portion for $8. The only extra cost to the company is the food, which probably costs 25 cents.
5　　Now companies are under pressure to stop selling bigger portions for less money. But it is hard to change the trend.
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 4
A. Bigger supermarkets offer lower prices
B. Chain stores provide better service
D. Huge retailers force producers to cunt costs
E. Consumers like supermarkets
C. Technology helps reduce food prices
F. Food comes cheaper in larger portions
27. Big supermarkets can offer food at lower prices because they can buy in___
28. Some food producers have reduced___
29. Besides cutting its workforce, unilever also abandoned its___
30. Buyers like bigger portion because they think they have got___
A. minor brands
B. a good barging
C. large quantities
D. their workforce
E. huge portions
F. their money
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第57题：
A New Immigration Bill
The US Senate is considering a new immigration bill．lt will value the economic
promise of immigrants over family ties when considering US residency and citizenship．The legislation，which was proposed by President Bush and a group of senators，contains a point system．The proposal aims to increase the number of immigrants with graduate degrees，earnings or job skills．
The proposed point systerm would use a l00-point scale．According to a draft of the law，merit applicants could earn up to 47 points for things like occupation，or year of work for a US firm．They could earn up to 28 points for their education，15 points for English and US civics(公民学)，and l0  points for family ties．The system has stirred up debate．Critics on the Ieft say it opposes family unity and American values．Critics on the right complain that it does not reflect the needs of high．tech employers．
The current kinship(血缘关系)一based system puts pressure on the US，as it attracts low-skill workers who consume more public services than they pay back jn taxes．It allows a variety of uneducated people in from Mexico and Central America．
The immigration bill would allow eight years to clear the current backlog(积压)of application for a permanent resident card，or green card．After that，only the children and spouses(配偶)of legal immigrants would be able to apply for family visas．Adult children，siblings(兄弟姐妹)，parents，and other relatives would have to apply in the general queue (排队)．Under the proposal，immigrants from Asian，countries would likely fare well(很有利)．For instance，over half of recent immigrants from China and India have a bachelor’s (学士的)or higher degree．Immigrants from Latin American countries would likely face
more difficulties．
Immigration point systerns have been in use in Canada，Australia and New Zealand
for years．The UK adopted a similar approach in 2001．One thing that Canada and other nations have discovered is that their system needs to fit the needs of their econom y．Too often they find that they attract highly—educated people who end up finding work that doesn’t use their skills．Some end up driving a taxi．
36 0ne of the reasons for proposing the point system is
A to give priority to immigrants from China．
B to protect the US from terrorist attacks．    ，
C to attract skilled immigrants．
D to increase population．
37 What do critics on the right say about the proposed point system?
A  It opposes family unity．
B  It is very difficult to apply．
C  It opposes American values．
D  It does not meet the needs of high—tech employers．
38 Which statement is NOT true of the current system?
A  It is kinship—based．
B  lt puts pressure on the US．
C  It draws-lowskilled workers．
D  It attracts highly-educated people．
39 Who can apply for family visas in future?
A The uncles and aunts of legal immigrants．
B The brothers and sisters of legal immigrants．
C The spouses and young children of legal immigrants．
D The parents and grandparents of legal immigrants．
40 Which country adopted the point system in 2001 ?
A The UK．
B The US．
C Canada．
D Australia
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