| 职称英语考试综合类每日一练（2015-12-15） |
| 第1、2、3、4、5题： The first four minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, "Contact: The first four minutes," he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: __46__. A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he as just met.__47__. If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves."On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his won needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to at that way."__48__. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one."But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honest" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions. __49__. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. __50__ that is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone. The first four minutes |
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| 第6、7、8、9、10题： 第三篇 The Changing Middle Class The United States perceives itself to be a middle-class nation, However, middle class is not a real designation,nor does it carry privileges. It is more of a perception, which probably was as true as it ever could be right after World War II. The economy was growing,more and more people owned their own homes,workers had solid contracts with the companies that employed them, and nearly everyone whowanted a higher education could have one. Successful people enjoyed upward social mobility. They may have started out poor,but they could become rich. Successful people also found that they had greater geographic mobility. In other words,they found themselves moving to and living in a variety of places. The middle class collectively holds several values and principles. One strong value is the need to earn enough money to feel that one can determine one's own economic fate. In addition,middle class morality embraces principles of individual responsibility, importance of family, obligations to others,and believing in something outside oneself. But in the 1990s those in the middle class found that there was a price for success. A U. S. News & World Report survey in 1994 indicated that 75 percent of Americans believed that middle class families could no longer make ends meet. Both spouses now worked,as did some of the children; long commutes became routine; the need for child care put strains on the family; and public schools were not as good as they once were. Members of the middle class were no longer financing their lifestyles through earnings but were using credit to stay afloat. The understanding of just what middle class meant was changing. 41. The information in this passage deals with A. an individual B. a social and economic group C. a political organization D. government 42. A common middle class value is that A. people should always have fun B. children should be seen and not heard C. debt is nothing to worry about D. the family is very important 43. In the years after World War II,the middle class could be defined as A. overburdened and in debt B. hard working and suspicious C. prosperous and optimistic D. young and foolish 44. The phrase "In other words" in the first paragraph means that the following statement is A. an exception to the previous idea B. a denial of the previous idea C. a restatement of the previous idea D. a contrasting idea 45. The word collectively means A. as a group B. hesitatingly C. unknowingly D. weakly |
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| 第11、12、13、14、15、16、17题："Wanna buy a body?" That was the opening line of more than a few phone calls I got from self-employed photographers when I was a photo editor at U.S. News. Like many in the mainstream press, I wanted to separate the world of photographers into "them", who trade in pictures of bodies or run after famous people like Princess Diana, and "us", the serious news people. But after 16 years in that role, I came to wonder whether the two worlds were easily distinguishable. Working in the reputable world of journalism, I told photographers to cover other people's difficult life situations. I justified marching into moments of sadness, under the appearance of the reader's right to know. I worked with professionals talking their way into situations or shooting from behind police lines. And I wasn't alone. In any American town, after a car crash or some other horrible incident when ordinary people are hurt or killed, you rarely see photographers pushing past rescue workers to take photos of the blood and injuries. But you are likely to see local newspaper and television photographers on the scene –and fast… How can we justify doing this? Journalists are taught to separate, doing the job from worrying about the consequences of publishing what they recorD. Repeatedly, they are reminded of a news-business saying: Leave your conscience in the office, A victim may lie bleeding, unconscious, or deaD. Your job is to record the image (图象). You're a photographer, not an emergency medical worker. You put away your feelings and document the scene. But catastrophic events often bring out the worst in photographers and photo editors. In the first minutes and hours after a disaster occurs, photo agencies buy pictures. They rush to obtain the rights to be the only one to own these shocking images and death is usually the subject. Often, an agency buys a picture from a local newspaper or an amateur photographer and puts it up for bid by major magazines. The most sought-after special pictures command tens of thousands of dollars through bidding contests. I worked on all those stories and many like them. When they happen, you move quickly: buying, dealing, trying to beat the agencies to the pictures. Now, many people believe journalists are the hypocrites(伪君子)who need to be brought down, and it's our pictures that most anger others. Readers may not believe, as we do, that there is a distinction between clear-minded "us" and mean-spirited "them". In too many cases, by our choices of images as well as how we get them, we prove our readers right. 16. The writer never got an offer for a photograph of a dead person. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. The writer was a photographer sixteen years ago. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 18. The writer believes that shooting people’s nightmares is justifiable. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. News photographers are usually a problem for secure workers at an accident. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. Journalists aren’t supposed to think about whether they are doing the right thing. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. Editors sometimes have to pay a lot of money for exclusive pictures. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. Many people say that they are annoyed by the US News pictures. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned |
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| 第18题： The police took fingerprints and identified the body． A．discovered B．touched C．missed D．recognized |
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| 第19、20、21、22、23题： A Bad Idea Think you can walk, drive, take phone calls, e-mail and listen to music at the same time? Well, New York's new law says you can't. (46) The law went into force last month, following research and a shocking number of accidents that involved people using electronic gadgets (小巧机械) when crossing the street. Who's to blame? (47) "We are under the impression that our brain can do more than it often can," says Rene Marois, a neuroscientist (神经科学家) in Tennessee. "But a core limitation is the inability to concentrate on two things at once." The young people are often considered the great multi-taskers. (48) A group of 18- to 21-year-olds and a group of 35- to 39-year-olds were given 90 seconds to translate images into numbers, using a sample code. (49) But when both groups were interrupted by a phone call or an instant message, the older group matched the younger group in speed and accuracy. It is difficult to measure the productivity lost by multi-taskers. But it is probably a lot Jonathan Spira, chief analyst at Basex, a business-research firm, estimates the cost of interruptions to the American economy at nearly $650 billion a year. (50) The surveys conclude that 28 percent of the workers' time was spent on interruptions and recovery time before they returned to their main tasks. A And you'll be fined $100 if you do so on a New York City street B Talking on a cellphone while driving brings you joy anyway C The estimate is based on surveys with office workers D The younger group did 10 percent better when not interrupted E However, an Oxford University research suggests this perception is open to question. F Scientists say that our multitasking (多任务处理) abilities are limited. |
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| 第24、25、26、27、28题： The Changing Middle Class The United States perceives itself to be a middle-class nation. However，middle class is not a real designation，nor does it carry privileges（特权）. It is more of a perception，which probably was as true as it ever could be right after World War II. The economy was growing，more and more people owned their own homes，workers had solid contracts with the companies that employed them，and nearly everyone who wanted a higher education could have one. Successful people enjoyed upward social mobility. They may have started out poor，but they could become rich. Successful people also found that they had greater geographic mobility. In other words，they found themselves moving to and living in a variety of places. The middle class collectively holds several values and principles. One strong value is the need to earn enough money to feel that one can determine one’s own economic fate. In addition, middle-class morality（道德观） embraces principles of individual responsibility, importance of family, obligations to others，and believing in something outside oneself. But in the 1990s those in the middle class found that there was a price for success. A U. S. News & World Report survey in 1994 indicated that 75 percent of Americans believed that middle class families could no longer make ends meet . Both spouses now worked, as did some of the children; long commutes became routine; the need for child care put strains on the family; and public schools were not as good as they once were. Members of the middle class were no longer financing their lifestyles through earnings but were using credit to stay afloat. The understanding of just what middle class meant was changing. 31. This passage gives information about A. an individual. B. a social and economic group. C. a political organization. D. a government department. 32. In the years after World War II, the middle class were A. overburdened and in debt. B. hard working and doubtful. C. happy and full of hope. D. young and upset. 33. One important middle-class value is that A. people should always have fun. B. children should believe in themselves. C. debt is nothing to worry about. D. they should earn enough to finance their lifestyles. 34. In the second paragraph, the word "collectively' means A. commonly. B. hesitatingly. C. unknowingly. D. weakly. 35. The 1994 survey showed most Americans thought the middle class A. took pleasure in raising children. B. had a regular journey to work. C. could not earn enough money to maintain their lifestyles. D. could easily maintain their lifestyles. |
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| 第29、30、31、32、33、34、35题： Kicking the Habit What is a bad habit? The most definition is that it is something that we do regularly, almost without thinking about it, and which has some sort of negative consequence. This consequence could affect those around us, or it could affect us personally. Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human. Many early habits, like sucking out thumb, are broken when we are very young. We are either told to stop doing it by our parents, or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit, and we gradually grow out of it. It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem. Unless we can break that habit early on, it becomes a part of out life, and becomes “programmed” into our brain. A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change out habits, it is the old ways that tend to win, especially in situations where we are rushed, stressed or overworked. Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back. During the study program, the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them. They then showed the volunteers the same picture again, and gave them new words to associate with them. A few days later, the volunteers were given a test. The researchers showed them the pictures, and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one. It came as no surprise that their answers were split between the first set of words and second. Two weeks later, they were given the same test again. This time, most of them only gave the first set of words. They appeared to have completely forgotten the second set. The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time. We may try to change out ways, but after a while, the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned. The more that response is used, the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way. The study therefore suggests that over time, our bad habits also become automatic, learned behavior. This is not good news for people who pick up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them. Even when we try to put new, good intentions into practice, those previous learned habits remain stronger in more automatic, unconscious forms of memory. 16. Boys usually develop bad habits when they are very young. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. We can only break bad habits if others tell us to do. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 18. Bad habits may return when we are under pressure. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. Researchers were surprised by the answer that the volunteers gave in the first test. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. The volunteers found the test more difficult when they did it the second time. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. The study suggests that it is more difficult to respond what to get rid of. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. If we develop bad habits early in life, they are harder to get rid of. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned |
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| 第36、37、38、39、40题： people's minds are susceptible to influence Why on earth would an innocent person falselyconfess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical.But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a policeinterrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds aresusceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure puton suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous.(46) "The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it'simpossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do.The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continueuntil he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlichrecently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are toconfess to things they didn't do. (47) The researchers then intentionallycrashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the"alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely takingresponsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easyit can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults inthe experiment immediately confessed. (48) Of the 15- to 16-year-olds,72percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12- to 13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people aremore at risk," says Saul Kassin, a psychology professor at WilliamsCollege, who has done similar studies with similar results. (49) Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire"interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simpleaccusation--not hours of aggressive questioning--and still, most participantsfalsely confessed. Because of the stress of a policeinterrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falselyconfessing, is the easiest way out of a bad situation. (50) A In her experiment, participants were seatedat computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing sowould crash the systems. B "In some ways," says Kassin,"false confession becomes a rational decision." C "It's a little like somebody's workingon them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin 确Zimring, a law professor at the University of California atBerkeley. D "But adults are highly vulnerabletoo." E How could an innocent person admit to doingsomething he didn't do? F Redlich also found that the younger theparticipant, the more likely a false confession. |
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| 第41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55题： A Country's Standard of Living The "standard of living" of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services the country produces. A country's standard of living，（51）， depends on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth"（52）this sense is not money， for we do riot live on money（53） on things that money can buy： "goods" such as food and clothing， and "services" such as transport and entertainment. A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors， most of（54） have an effect on one another. Wealth depends（55） a great extent upon a country's natural resources. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals， and have fertile （肥沃的） soil and a favorable climate； other regions possess none of them. Next to natural resources（56） the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well-off（57） the USA in natural resources， but suffered for many years from civil and external wars， and（58） this and other reasons was（59） to develop her resources. Sound and stable political conditions， and（60） from foreign invasions， enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily， and to produce more wealth than another country equally well favoured by nature but less well ordered. A country's standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed （61） its own borders， but also upon what is directly produced through international trade（62）， Britain's wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on（63） grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus （过剩的） manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would（64） be lacking. A country's wealth is， therefore，much（65）by its manufacturing capacity provided （如果） that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures. 51 A however B furthermore C similarly D therefore 52 A by B on C in D with 53 A or B but C either D besides 54 A these B that C what D which 55 A at B to C by D with 56 A came B coming C comes D come 57 A to B like C by D as 58 A because B for C of D by 59 A uneasy B incapable C impossible D unable 60 A resolution B freedom C aggression D destruction 61 A at B by C within D on 62 A In short B For example C As a result D On the other hand 63 A which B what C that D those 64 A otherwise B certainly C however D therefore 65 A made B done C produced D influenced |
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| 第56题： 14 Many economists have given in to the fatal (lure) of mathematics. A simplicity B attraction C power D rigor |
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