| 职称英语考试理工类每日一练（2016-1-15） |
| 第1题：I felt sick that I could barely stand. A.merely B.only C.hardly D.simple |
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| 第2题：第二篇 The Mir Space Station The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space. The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to1 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each2. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles. The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations. A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and earned scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80 million, from many nations.3 Experiments on Mir arc credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid4, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996. Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir, In 1997, an oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures. Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir’s reputation as a space station was ruined. Mir’s setbacks arc nothing, though5, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it’s time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir. 36. We can learn from the passage that the Mir Space Station A. was designed to last over 5 years. B. played host to 7 astronauts from different countries. C. was visited only by Americans. D. was built by Russians. 37. One of the contributions Mir makes to science is that, it A. help astronauts get close to Mars. B. enables scientists to develop new scientific equipment. C. sets a record of the longest single human stay in space. D. shows that multinational operations in space are less expensive. 38. What happened to Mir in 1997? A. it ran out its fund. B. it was completely damaged by fire. C. its reputation was ruined due to power failures. D. its main computer system broke out. 39. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that A. space exploration will not experience setbacks. B. it is difficult for other space stations exceed Mir’s success. C. Mir is the best long-term human habitation in space in history. D. multinational space operation are getting more accomplishments. 40. What is the author’s attitude toward Mir? A. indifferent. B. ironic. C. favorable. D. negative |
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| 第3题： Leaves are not distributed accidentally on a plant stem, but are arranged in a very precise way that assures them the maximum light. A dangerously B densely C randomly D linearly |
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| 第4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11题： Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组） 1A project to unlock secrets-what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body.Scientists are using DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding. 2DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell.A chromosome is a chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a cell,thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a consensus（交感）genome.Everything works well in a consensus genome. 3But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from the ideal.These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as heart disease,or cancer. 4It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes,The short-term goal of the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier life. 23.paragraph 1 . 24.paragraph 2 . 25.paragraph 3 . 26.paragraph 4 . A How does DNA work? B What is the Human Genome Project about? C How are the DNA samples collected? D What are the goals of the Human Genome Project? E What is the role of each gene? F What are the consequences of genetic mutations? 27.The Human Genome Project is trying to map allthat make us human. 28.Decoding the human genome is a challenge to. 29.Genetic mutations in a person's genome may affect. 30.Scientists are trying hard to discoverof each of the genes in our body. A that person's health B a scientific answer C scientfic researchers D the genes E the function F the size |
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| 第12、13、14、15、16、17、18题：Fermi Problem On a Monday morning in July, the world's first atom bomb exploded in the New Mexico desert. Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood. After a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bomb's energy had equated 10,000 tons of TNT. The bomb team was impressed, but not surprised. Fermi's genius was known throughout the scientific world. In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction, leading us into the nuclear age. Since Fermi's death in 1954,no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist and a leading theoretician. Like all virtuosos, Fermi had a distinctive style. He preferred the most direct route to an answer. He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, manageable bits--talent we all can use in our daily lives. To develop this talent in his students. Fermi would suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem. Upon first hearing one of these, you haven't the remotest notion of the answer, and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it. Yet when the problem is broken into sub-problems, each answerable without the help of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution. Suppose you want to determine Earth's circumference without looking it up. Everyone knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3,000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours. Three hours is one-eighth of a day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation, so its circumference must be eight times 3,000 or 24,000 miles. This answer differs from the true value, 24,902.45 miles, by less than four percent. Ultimately the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did lies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions. It doesn't matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles. Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives you of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up self-confidence. Thus, approaching personal dilemmas as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches your life. 16 Fermi's team was impressed by Fermi's announcement in the base camp because he could even work out the power of the atom bomb in his mind. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 17 Fermi, an experimentalist as well as a theoretician, won a Nobel Prize for producing the first nuclear chain reaction in the world. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 18 Dividing a big problem into small problems is a talent Fermi had and a talent that has practical value in life. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 19 Fermi problem is to develop the talent of breaking a seemingly unanswerable problem into sub-problems and finding the solution to it, which is a typical Fermi problem. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 20 Then the fourth paragraph tells us how Fermi solved the problem of earth's circumference without looking up. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 21 The last paragraph concludes the whole writing by stressing the value of important inventions and small discoveries. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 22 Fermi was famous for inventing a device to calculate bomb's energy accurately. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned |
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| 第19题：In the background was that eternal hum. A.long B.never-ending C.boring D.extensive |
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| 第20、21、22、23、24题： SuperconductorCeramic (陶瓷) An underground revolutionbegins this winter. With the flip (轻击) of aswitch,30,000homes in one part of Detroit will soon become the first in thecountry to receive electricitytransmitted by ice cold high performance cables.Other American cities are expected to followDetroit's example in the yearsahead, which could conserve enormous amounts of power. The new electrical cables atthe Frisbie power station in Detroit are revolutionary becausethey are made ofsuperconductors. A superconductor is a material that transmits electricitywithlittle or no resistance. Resistance is the degree to which a substanceresists electric current. Allcommon electrical conductors have a certain amountof electrical resistance. They convert atleast some of the electrical energypassing through them into waste heat. Superconductors don't.No one understandshow superconductivity works. It just does. Making superconductors isn'teasy. A superconductor material has to be cooled to an extremely lowtemperature to lose its resistance. The first superconductors, made more than50years ago, had to be cooled to -263 degrees Celsius before they lost their resistance.Newersuperconducting materials lose their resistance at -143 degrees Celsius. The superconductors cableinstalled at the Frisbie station is made of a ceramic material thatcontainscopper, oxygen, bismuth (铋), strontium (锶), and calcium (钙). A ceramic is ahard,strong compound made from clay or minerals. The superconducting ceramic hasbeenfashioned into a tape that is wrapped lengthwise around a long tube filledwith liquid nitrogen.Liquid nitrogen is super cold and lowers the temperatureof the ceramic tape to the point where itconveys electricity with zeroresistance. The United States loses anenormous amount of electricity each year to resistance. BecausecooledsupercondUutors have no resistance, they waste much less power, other citiesarewatching the Frisbie experiment in the hope that they might switch tosuperconducting cable andconserve power, too. What is the benefit of therevolution mentioned in the first paragraph? A.With a flip of swish,electricity can be transmitted. B.Other American cities canbenefit from the high-performance cables. C.Great amounts of power canbe conserved. D.Detroit will first receiveelectricity transmitted by the new electrical cables 37、 Compared to common electrical conductors, superconductors__________ A.have little or no electricalresistance B.Can be used for along time C.are not energy-efficient D.can be made easily 38、 Atwhat temperature does the superconducting ceramic lose itsresistance__________? A.-143 degree Celsius. B.-263 degree Celsius. C.As long as it is ice-cold. D.Absolute zero. 39、 What element enables the ceramic tape to lower its temperature__________? A.Copper. B.Liquid nitrogen. C.Clay. D.Calcium. 40、 According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is NOTtrue__________? A.Other cities hope they Canalso conserve power. B.Other cities hope they Canuse superconducting cables soon. C.Superconductors waste lesspower because of their low resistance. D.The Fribie experiment is notsuccessful. |
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| 第25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32题：The Science of Sport 1. At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, the Chinese athlete Liu Xiang equaled the world record for the 110 metres hurdles (跨栏 ) when he ran the race in 12.91 seconds. This record time had been set in 1993 by British sprinter (短跑运动员 ) Colin Jackson and 9 years went by before another athlete was able to mn as fast. 2. Record-breaking in all track events is slowing clown and we appear to be moving much closer to the limits of human performance. Nevertheless, every four years, records which were previously thought to be unbeatable are broken. So what's behind this never-ending improvement in performance? And how long can we keep breaking records? Is there a limit to human performance or will athletes continue to gain seconds ? 3. Most experts agree that it isn't the athletes' bodies which have changed but the huge advances in sport science which have enabled them to improve their performances. The individual athlete obviously has to have the necessary skill and determination to succeed, but the help of science and technology can be significant. Research has brought a better understanding of the athlete's body and mind but the advances in sports equipment technology have also had an important impact on human performance. 4. Scientists have shown that an athlete's body's needs vary according to the type of sport. This research has helped top sports people to adapt their training programme and diet better to their particular needs. Running the marathon and cycling, for example, are endurance (耐力 ) sports and require a different parathion ( 硝苯硫磷脂 ) to that of a 100-metre sprinter. In some sports, changes in techniques have significantly improved performance. 5. But in any sport, a player's success or failure results from a combination of both physical and mental abilities. Most coaches use psychological techniques to help their athletes cope with stress and concentrate on their performance. For example, the English football team listens to music in the changing rooms before a game to help the players relax and not feel so nervous. Before a difficult match, tennis players are encouraged to use visualization ( 想象 ) techniques to build confidence and this is almost as good as practice. 6. But as science begins to dominate sport, are we in danger of losing sight of the heart of the competition, the sporting challenge ? What's more, are all these advantages fair ? 23.Paragraph 2__________ A．Different sports require different training programs. B．Science may be too important today. C．Sports equipment has been improved a lot. D．Athletes are still breaking records. E．Sport science helps improve athletes' performances. F．Mental training is as important as physical training. 24、Paragraph 3__________ A．Different sports require different training programs. B．Science may be too important today. C．Sports equipment has been improved a lot. D．Athletes are still breaking records. E．Sport science helps improve athletes' performances. F．Mental training is as important as physical training. 25、Paragraph 4__________ A．Different sports require different training programs. B．Science may be too important today. C．Sports equipment has been improved a lot. D．Athletes are still breaking records. E．Sport science helps improve athletes' performances. F．Mental training is as important as physical training. 26、 Paragraph 5__________ A．Different sports require different training programs. B．Science may be too important today. C．Sports equipment has been improved a lot. D．Athletes are still breaking records. E．Sport science helps improve athletes' performances. F．Mental training is as important as physical training. 27、It is more difficult for today's athletes__________ A．to avoid psychological techniques. B．to break records C．to better understand the athlete's body and mind D．to time and space E．to be replacing the sporting challenge F．to human performance 28、We don't know if there is a limit__________ A．to avoid psychological techniques. B．to break records C．to better understand the athlete's body and mind D．to time and space E．to be replacing the sporting challenge F．to human performance 29、Research has helped coaches__________ A．to avoid psychological techniques. B．to break records C．to better understand the athlete's body and mind D．to time and space E．to be replacing the sporting challenge F．to human performance 30、 Scientific advances are suspected__________ A．to avoid psychological techniques. B．to break records C．to better understand the athlete's body and mind D．to time and space E．to be replacing the sporting challenge F．to human performance |
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| 第33、34、35、36、37题：Putting Plants to Work Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts: They've been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years. Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless you're a plant, it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it. Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo., is working with green algae. She's trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity. The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. “But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen.” Ghirardi says. For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It's the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time. Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. It's not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present. Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen. The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: “You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms. ” 31 What does the writer Say about plants concerning solar energy?_______ A Plants are the real experts in producing solar energy. B Plants have been used to produce solar energy. C Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years. D Plants have been a source of solar energy. 32Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? _______ A Because they want algae to produce sugars and starches. B Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy. C Because they want to turn plant sugars to a new form of energy. D Because they want to make photosynthesis more efficient. 33 According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? _______ A When there is a lot of oxygen in the air. B When there is no oxygen in the air. C When photosynthesis is taking place. D When enough starch is stored. 34 Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. Which one of the following is one such difficulty? _______ A It is not possible to remove sulfate from the environment. B It is not possible to work in an airfree environment to produce hydrogen. C It is not easy to make sugars instead of hydrogen. D It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed. 35 What is NOT true of algae? _______ A They are easy to grow. B They can be a very good fuel source. C They are cheap to eat. D They can be used in many ways. |
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| 第38题：In the process，the light energy converts to heat energy. A.changes B.reduces C.leaves D.drops |
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