在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/2/28）

第1题：TheEnglish word "veto" means "I will not permit". It is a way for one member of a group or government to (61) action by other members. For example, the United Nations SecurityCouncil (62) five permanent members, the United States,China,Britain, France and RussiA、 (63) can use the veto to block action by the whole group.Britain and France did this in 1956. They vetoed a resolution (64) Israel to withdraw its forces fromEgyptian territory. The most (65) use of the veto is by an executive over the legislative in a government with a president. The United StatesConstitution (66) such a veto. The (67) also says a president’s veto can be changed by a second vote ofCongress. This is called overriding the president’s veto. For a bill to become law, (68) of the members of both houses ofCongress (69) vote to override the president’s veto. ThroughoutAmerican history, presidents (70) more than 2 500 congressional bills.Congress has been able to override the president’s veto (71) 104 times. Presidents in the late 1800s and early 1700s did not use the veto frequently. In the 1940s,President Franklin Roosevelt vetoed more than 600 bills.But he was president for 12 years, much longer than anyone else. More recently, President Ronald Reagan vetoed (72) in his eight years in office.And GeorgeBush vetoed 44 bills in four years. Today,Congress is approving bills designed to (73) the size and cost of the federal government. PresidentClinton does not (74) all the congressional plans. He has different ideas about (75) parts of government should be cut and by how much. He already vetoed at least one of these bills. A．Both B．All of which C．Every D．Each

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题：Anyone who’s ever taken a preschooler to the doctor knows they often cry more before the shot than afterwarD、Now researchers using brain scans to unravel the biology of dread have an explanation: For some people, anticipating pain is truly as bad as experiencing it. How badAmong people who volunteered to receive electric shocks, almost a third opted for a stronger zap if they could just get it over with, instead of having to wait. More importantly, the research found that how much attention the brain pays to expected pain determines whether someone is an "extreme dreader" —suggesting that simple diversions could alleviate the misery. The research, published in the journal Science ,is part of a burgeoning new field called neu-ro-economics that uses brain imaging to try to understand how people make choices. Until now, most of that work has focused on reward, the things people will do for positive outcomes. "We were interested in the dark side of the equation," explainedDr. GregoryBerns ofEmory University, who led the new study. "Dread often makes us make bad decisions.’ Standard economic theory says that people should postpone bad outcomes for as long as possible, because something might happen in the interim to improve the outlook. In real life the "just get it over with" reaction is more likely, saidBerns, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. He offers a personal example: he usually pays credit card bills as soon as they arrive instead of waiting until they’re due,even though "it doesn’t make any sense economically." SoBerns designed a study to trace dread inside the brain. He put 32 volunteers into an MRI machine while giving them a series of 96 electric shocks to the foot. The shocks varied in intensity, from barely detectable to the pain of a needle jaB、 Participants were told one was coming, how strong it would be, and how long the wait for it would be, from 1 to 27 seconds. Later, participants were given choices: Would they prefer a medium jolt in 5 seconds or 27 seconds What about a mild jolt in 20 seconds vs. a sharp one in 3 seconds When the voltage was identical, the volunteers almost always chose the shortest wait.But thoseBerns dubbed "extreme dreaders" picked the worst shock if it meant not having to wait as long. The MRI scans showed that a brain network that governs how much pain people feel became active even before they were shocked, particularly the parts of this "pain matrix" that are linked to attention—but not brain regions involving fear and anxiety. The more dread bothered someone, the more attention the pain-sensing parts of the brain were paying to the wait. In other words, the mere information that you’re about to feel pain "seems to be a source of misery," George Lowenstein,a specialist in economics and psychology atCarnegie Mellon University, wrote in an accompanying review of the work. "These findings support the idea that the decision to delay or expedite an outcome depends critically on how a person feels while waiting," Lowenstein addeD、 The National Institute onDrugAbuse funded the research. What’s the link between dread and drug use It’s indirect, but now that scientists know how healthy people’s brains anticipate unpleasant consequences, future studies can compare how drug abusers process such information. "Just get it over with" reaction is more likely to happen in real life because ______. A、standard economical theory has proved its correctness B．bad outcomes should come later C．It doesn’t make any sense economically D．people take immediate action lest bad outcome should occur in future

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题： A、nocturnal(夜间活动的)moth has become the first animal known to see colours in the dead of night. The moth uses this visual talent to find yellow, nectar-packed flowers in the dark, but the finding suggests that other, species also use colour vision at night. Nocturnal moths were thought to find flowers by looking for bright petals against a darker, leafy backgrounD、This difference in brightness explains why a yellow flower stands out from green leaves on a black and white photo. To test this idea, researchers at Lund University in Sweden trained nocturnal elephant hawkmoths(豆天蛾)to pick out yellow or blue artificial flowers from eight other flowers of varying shades of grey. They then made moths perform the trick in conditions as dark as a starry but moonless night. The researchers expected the moths to do badly, but to their surprise the insects picked the correct flower 90 per cent of the time.But the moths could not distinguish between lighter and darker shades of a coloured flower, even though they could still tell both from grey. "This tells us it’s not a brightness-related cue,” saysAlmut Kelber, the sensory biologist leading the Lund team. "They could only have used the spectral(光谱的)composition of the signals—which we call colour." The moths use three separate colour receptors: blue, green and ultraviolet.At night, that leaves so little light per receptor that the insects should be almost blinD、But hawkmoths have a host of adaptations to compensate. One is a mirror-like structure at the base of the eye, which reflects the light across the photoreceptors for a second time. The structure of the compound eye also allows each facet to supplement the light that strikes it with light from as many as 600 others. Kelber suspects that many other insects, and some higher animals, also use colour vision at night. She plans to look for the ability in nocturnal frogs and toads that use colour to choose their mate. "Why not she asks. "At night there are just as many colours as during the day.\ Which of the following did the researchers find according to paragraph 4 A、Moths could only pick out real flowers, not the artificial ones. B．Moths picked out the correct flowers by their brightness. C．Moths couldn’t tell the difference between blue flowers and gray flowers. D．Moths picked out the correct flowers by their color.

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第4题：

【判断题】： 对    错

第5题：There are so many new books about dying that there are now special shelves set aside for them in bookshops, along with the health-diet and home-repair paperbacks. Some of them are so (61) with detailed information and step-by-step instructions for performing the function, that you’d think this was a new sort of (62) which all of us are now required to learn. The strongest impression the casual reader gets is that proper dying has become an extraordinary, (63) an exotic experience, something only the specially trained can do. (64) , you could be led to believe that we are the only (65) capable of being aware of death, and that when the rest of nature is experiencing the life cycle and dying, one generation after (66) , it is a different kind of process, done automatically and trivially, or more "natural", as we say. An elm in our backyard (67) the blight (枯萎病) this summer and dropped stone dead, leafless, almost overnight. One weekend (68) was a normal-looking elm, maybe a little bare in spots but (69) alarming, and the next weekend it was gone, passed over, departed, taken. Taken is right, for the tree surgeon came by yesterday with his (70) of young helpers and their cherry picker, and took it down branch by branch and carted it off in the back of a red truck, everyone (71) . The dying (72) a field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household cat, is a spectacle I have beheld many times. It (73) to make me wince. However, early in life I gave up throwing sticks (74) the cat to make him drop the mouse, (75) the dropped mouse regularly went ahead and died anyway. A．caught B．held C．took D．picked

【单选题】： A     B     C     D