| 在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/3/5） |
| 第1题：Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A、good home makes this possible, for example, by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery.Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the chilD、This might happen at any stage. A、baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parents.By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this cooperation.Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness and well-being. The child in the nursery______. A、quickly learns to wait for food B．doesn’t initially sleep and wake at regular intervals C．always accepts the rhythm of the world around them D．always feels the world around him is warm and friendly |
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| 第2题：根据以下材料写作一条500字左右的消息，导语(含标点)不得超过80个字(12分，其中导语7分)，制作一则复合型标题(包括主题与辅题，5分)，并为其配发一篇500字以内的短评(13分，其中标题3分)。洱海公园位于洱海南岸，是游览苍山洱海风景区的第一站。公园内有一座椭圆拱的小山，因山的形状被当地人叫做团山。据史料记载，唐代这里曾是南诏国的皇家养鹿场。公园始建于上个世纪70年代末，占地800多亩，依山傍水，风景秀丽。公园里的情人湖，原为洱海自然延伸的港湾，上世纪70年代筑堤，与洱海相隔。这里垂柳成荫，轻舟荡漾，是大理市民的休闲之地，更是情侣们流连忘返之处，故名为“情人湖”。中国青年报记者最近在“洱海天域”项目现场采访时发现，在这个国家级的风景名胜区——洱海之滨，一幢幢高档别墅拔地而起。在原来情人湖的旧址处，一幢五星级大酒店正在建设，而园内著名的情人湖，则从此长眠于地下。销售人员告诉记者，海景别墅单价每平方米在1万元以上，每栋别墅售价在200万—500万元。目前一期100多套基本售完，二期也已开始发售。附近的村民向记者介绍，2005年，“不知道是哪家公司得到了政府的批准，开着多台挖掘机、推土机，轰隆隆地突然就来推土填埋情人湖……但后来才知道，就是政府让那家公司填的。我们就这样眼睁睁地看着美丽的情人湖被填埋了，就像看着自己的亲人被杀死一样。”大理市民寸亚平一天游洱海公园，惊讶地发现团山脚下、洱海侧畔的情人湖消失了，一座座别墅正拔地而起。寸亚平痛心疾首，挥笔写下一首诗：“昨日游团山，归来泪满襟。沧海变豪宅，何是情人湖？”寸亚平说，当时政府说要建设环海路和南排污干渠，大家认为这是保护洱海的有效措施之一，因而十分赞成。由于项目一直是封闭施工，到2008年开放时，人们发现“情人湖”不见了，取而代之的是一个名叫“洱海天域”的别墅区。云南律师王冰等人表示，这一项目违反了城乡规划法、水法、土地管理法、森林法和风景名胜区条例、洱海保护条例等一系列全国性或地方性法规。根据有关法规，禁止在风景名胜区内设立各类开发区和在核心景区内建设宾馆、招待所、培训中心、疗养院以及与风景名胜资源保护无关的其他建筑物，已经建设的，应按照风景名胜区规划逐步迁出。此外结合洱海公园的实际情况，公园周边属限制建筑高度的范围。洱海公园为城市饮用取水口，属于一级保护范围，在取水口半径 500 米范围内，禁止排污、旅游、游泳、垂钓，兴扩建与供水设施无关项目。这些法律法规在项目引进和建设中并没有得到执行。市民张先生以前特别喜欢周末带孩子来洱海公园，一家人坐在情人湖畔，欣赏着对面的洱海风光，吃上一碗凉米线，感觉惬意无比。但现在他再也不愿来了，“情人湖没有了，公园里望上去都是一栋栋别墅，我们还来干嘛呢？这里早已成了人家的后花园。”目前，这一项目已完成80％的工程量，建设投资3.3亿多元。另据分析，恢复生态系统是十分棘手的一件事。如果拆除别墅和酒店，恢复原有的生态系统，投入将更大。大理市委、市政府４月15日在通报中表示，由于过分追求建设速度，忽视了人民群众生活休闲的需求；为吸引投资商，拿出全市最好的公园附近地域进行开发建设，项目未完全顾及市民的历史情结，缺失有力监管。侯明明等专家认为，政府应强化公共管理职能，保护具有公共产品属性的景观资源不被侵占，纠正市场失灵，防止盲目开发公共资源。同时应坚持生态文明建设的可持续发展，决不能做杀鸡取卵、贻害子孙的蠢事。据专家分析，围湖建别墅会侵占湖滨带湿地生态系统，造成的损失可能是不可逆的。同时，建房打地桩会破坏地下水网体系，损害“维持性资源”，造成更大的损失，可能危害整个高原断陷湖泊生态系统。云南一些法律界人士认为，故意破坏生态环境和玩忽职守、滥用职权，情节严重的，属于犯罪行为。“仅仅行政或纪律处分是不够的，应当严格处理洱海相关区域建别墅行为，给公众一个负责任的说法。”云南省社科院有关专家提出，地方各级政府是维护“公共利益”的，不是维护“开发商利益”的，一定要把官商勾结、损害政府形象、破坏生态环境的“内鬼”绳之以法。大理市规划局局长陈东发说：“我们会正视问题，进一步思考如何把发展和保护有机结合，更广泛地听取市民意见，把舆论监督和市民监督运用到行政决策中。”大理苍山洱海保护与开发战略研究课题组首席专家、昆明理工大学教授侯明明指出，洱海这类湖泊具有湖滨带湿地生态系统、地下水网系统两个命脉。由于面积较平原湖泊小，水体置换周期较平原湖泊长，洱海的生态系统较为脆弱。 |
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| 第3题：After watching my mother deal with our family of five, I can’t understand why her answer to the question, "What do you do " is always, "Oh, I’m just a housewife." JUST a housewifeAnyone who spends most of her time in meal preparation and cleanup, washing and drying clothes, keeping the house clean, leading a scout troop, playing taxi driver to us kids when it’s time for school, music lessons or the dentist, doing volunteer work for her favorite charity, and making sure that all our family needs are met is not JUST a housewife. She’s the real Wonder Woman. Why is it that so many mothers like mine think of themselves as second-class or something similar Where has this notion come from Have we males made them feel this way Has our society made "going to work" outside the home seem more important than what a housewife must face each day I would be very curious to see what would happen if a housewife went on strike.Dishes would pile up. Food in the house would run out. No meals would appear on the table. There would be no clean clothes when needeD、High boots would be required just to make it through the house scattered with garbage. Walking and bus riding would increase. Those scout troops would have to break up.Charities would suffer. I doubt if the man of the house would be able to take over. Oh, he might start out with the attitude that he can do just as good a job, but how long would that last Not long, once he had to come home each night after work to more household duties. There would be no more coming home to a prepared meal; he’d have to fix it himself. The kids would all be screaming for something to eat, clean clothes and more bus fare money. Once he quieted the kids, he’d have to clean the house, go shopping, make sure that kids got a bath, and fix lunches for the next day. Once the kids were down for the night, he might be able to crawl into an unmade bed and try to read the morning newspaper. No, I don’t think many males are going to volunteer for the joB、I know I don’t want it. So, thanks, mom! I’ll do what I can to create a national holiday for housewives. It could be appropriately called Wonder WomanDay. By what means do the children of the author’s family go to school A、They take school bus. B．They take a taxi. C．Their mother drives for them. D．Scout troop sends them to school. |
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| 第4题：试述卫生规划是一个过程。 |
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| 第5题：International ocean shipping constitutes a highly significant aspect of world economic and political relationships. The rapid growth in world trade and the emergence of new national entities in the last 30 years have further emphasized the role of international shipping.Because of the generally free environment in which it has operated, the industry is highly mobile and flexible—characteristics that, together with technological progress, have facilitated the rapid growth in world trade. In recent years, however, there have been several technological and institutional developments that are likely to have major efforts on the industry. One of the latter is the aggregation of conventions and practices known as the Law of the Sea, which has been discussed in the United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea since 1958. The third UNCLOS began in 1974 and concluded when a treaty was issued onApril 30, 1982. The treaty will enter in force when 60 nations have ratified it. How soon that will happen is, of course, not possible to say. What can be said is that a new legal structure governing the oceans appears to be evolving, with traditional principles giving way to new concepts. Since the environment in which an industry operates determines its structure and mode of operations, international shipping has been molded by the conventional principles governing the use of the oceans as highways and will be affected by shifts in the international climate and changes in the Law of SeA、 Ocean shipping, as we know it today, has developed under the concepts of "freedom of the seas" and limited territorial waters with the rights of "innocent passage."Clearly, a new Law of the Sea derived from a reinterpretation of these concepts will significantly change the atmosphere in which the shipping industry operates and, accordingly, dictate revised policies and practices for both industry and public authorities. Minimally, ship operations must consider changes in the definitions of what constitutes the high seas. They must consider the corresponding changes in the jurisdiction of shipping lanes and coastal and open waters; compliance with rules for environmental protection; and vessel traffic controls in some areas. (355w) The author believes that ______.A．the conventional principles emphasize the climate of the oceans B．the conventional principles determine the structure of international shipping in the future C．the conventional principles will be replaced by the new ones D．the conventional principles are out of date now |
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