| 在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/3/14） |
| 第1题：One of the most strikingly apparent instances of extrasensory perception is the precognitive experience, when a person has a compelling perception of a coming disaster, news of death of a loved one, or a communication from a long-lost friend, and the predicted event then happens. Many who have had such experiences report that the emotional intensity of the precognition and its subsequent verification provide an overpowering sense of contact with another realm of reality. I have had such an experience myself. Many years ago, I awoke in the middle of night in a cold sweat, with a certain knowledge that a close relative had suddenly dieD、I was so gripped with the haunting intensity of the experience that I was afraid to place a long-distance phone call, (for fear that the relative would trip over the telephone cord or something and make the experience a self-fulfilling prediction). In fact, the relative is alive and well, and whatever psychological roots the experience may have, it was not a reflection of an imminent event in the real worlD、 However, suppose the relative had in fact died that night. You would have had a difficult time convincing me that it was merely coincidence.But it is easy to calculate that if eachAmerican has such a premonitory experience a few times in his lifetime, the actual statistics alone will produce a few apparent precognitive events somewhere inAmerica each year. We can calculate that this must occur fairly frequently, but to the rare person who dreams of disaster, followed rapidly by its realization, it is uncanny and awesome. Such a coincidence must happen to someone every few months.But those who experience a correct precognition understandably resist its explanation by coincidence. After my experience I did not write a letter to an institute of psychology relating a compelling predictive dream that was not borne out by reality. That is not a memorable letter.But had the death I dreamt actually occurred, such a letter would have been marked down as evidence for precognition. The hits are recorded; the misses are not. Thus human nature unconsciously conspires to produce a biased reporting of the frequency of such events. The author ______.A．tries to criticize the false belief in precognitive experiences B．is puzzled by the mysteriousness of precognitive experiences C．provides proof for precognitive experiences D．is haunted by precognitive experiences |
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| 第2题：There are so many new books about dying that there are now special shelves set aside for them in bookshops, along with the health-diet and home-repair paperbacks. Some of them are so (61) with detailed information and step-by-step instructions for performing the function, that you’d think this was a new sort of (62) which all of us are now required to learn. The strongest impression the casual reader gets is that proper dying has become an extraordinary, (63) an exotic experience, something only the specially trained can do. (64) , you could be led to believe that we are the only (65) capable of being aware of death, and that when the rest of nature is experiencing the life cycle and dying, one generation after (66) , it is a different kind of process, done automatically and trivially, or more "natural", as we say. An elm in our backyard (67) the blight (枯萎病) this summer and dropped stone dead, leafless, almost overnight. One weekend (68) was a normal-looking elm, maybe a little bare in spots but (69) alarming, and the next weekend it was gone, passed over, departed, taken. Taken is right, for the tree surgeon came by yesterday with his (70) of young helpers and their cherry picker, and took it down branch by branch and carted it off in the back of a red truck, everyone (71) . The dying (72) a field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household cat, is a spectacle I have beheld many times. It (73) to make me wince. However, early in life I gave up throwing sticks (74) the cat to make him drop the mouse, (75) the dropped mouse regularly went ahead and died anyway. A．that B．which C．it D．this |
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| 第3题：Anyone who’s ever taken a preschooler to the doctor knows they often cry more before the shot than afterwarD、Now researchers using brain scans to unravel the biology of dread have an explanation: For some people, anticipating pain is truly as bad as experiencing it. How badAmong people who volunteered to receive electric shocks, almost a third opted for a stronger zap if they could just get it over with, instead of having to wait. More importantly, the research found that how much attention the brain pays to expected pain determines whether someone is an "extreme dreader" —suggesting that simple diversions could alleviate the misery. The research, published in the journal Science ,is part of a burgeoning new field called neu-ro-economics that uses brain imaging to try to understand how people make choices. Until now, most of that work has focused on reward, the things people will do for positive outcomes. "We were interested in the dark side of the equation," explainedDr. GregoryBerns ofEmory University, who led the new study. "Dread often makes us make bad decisions.’ Standard economic theory says that people should postpone bad outcomes for as long as possible, because something might happen in the interim to improve the outlook. In real life the "just get it over with" reaction is more likely, saidBerns, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. He offers a personal example: he usually pays credit card bills as soon as they arrive instead of waiting until they’re due,even though "it doesn’t make any sense economically." SoBerns designed a study to trace dread inside the brain. He put 32 volunteers into an MRI machine while giving them a series of 96 electric shocks to the foot. The shocks varied in intensity, from barely detectable to the pain of a needle jaB、 Participants were told one was coming, how strong it would be, and how long the wait for it would be, from 1 to 27 seconds. Later, participants were given choices: Would they prefer a medium jolt in 5 seconds or 27 seconds What about a mild jolt in 20 seconds vs. a sharp one in 3 seconds When the voltage was identical, the volunteers almost always chose the shortest wait.But thoseBerns dubbed "extreme dreaders" picked the worst shock if it meant not having to wait as long. The MRI scans showed that a brain network that governs how much pain people feel became active even before they were shocked, particularly the parts of this "pain matrix" that are linked to attention—but not brain regions involving fear and anxiety. The more dread bothered someone, the more attention the pain-sensing parts of the brain were paying to the wait. In other words, the mere information that you’re about to feel pain "seems to be a source of misery," George Lowenstein,a specialist in economics and psychology atCarnegie Mellon University, wrote in an accompanying review of the work. "These findings support the idea that the decision to delay or expedite an outcome depends critically on how a person feels while waiting," Lowenstein addeD、 The National Institute onDrugAbuse funded the research. What’s the link between dread and drug use It’s indirect, but now that scientists know how healthy people’s brains anticipate unpleasant consequences, future studies can compare how drug abusers process such information. Which of the following statements about "extreme dreaders" is TRUE、 A、They can tolerate waiting for pain as long as possible B．They don’t want to end the experience of electric shock as quick as possible C．They want to get the electric shock as quick as possible even though it can badly hurts D．They are extremely afraid of experiencing pain |
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| 第4题：{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}} During the MiddleAges, church leaders wanted to relate this pagan holiday toChristianity, so they renamed it after aChristian saint and moved the holiday from February 15 to February 14, the feast day of St. Valentine. St. Valentine was a third-centuryChristian martyr, a young man who was imprisoned in Rome for refusing to worship pagan gods.According to legend, before Valentine was beheaded on February 14, he restored the eyesight of his jailer’s blind daughter. Then he sent her a farewell letter signed, "From your Valentine". This phrase is now a common expression of affection that appears on many of the holiday greeting cards. Perhaps another reason that February 14 was picked as a holiday for lovers was that the ancient Romans believed that birds began to mate on this date. In modern times, early in February of each year, card shops, drugstores, and department stores begin displaying a wide variety of greeting cards called valentines. Most of them are illustrated with the symbolic red heart, which stands for love. Many also show a picture ofCupid with his bow and arrow. Some valentines are very fancy--decorated with paper lace, scented satin, feathers, ribbons, or bows. Some contain affectionate verses, while others simply say, "Be my Valentine". There are special Valentines for various family members, sweet hearts, and friends. People sometimes send anonymous valentines to the persons whom they are in secret love with. On that day, children usually buy packages of small, inexpensive valentines to give to classmates and teachers. Sweet-hearts and married couples may exchange more expensive cards, along with small gifts. Men often give red roses or chocolates wrapped up beautifully in red, heart-shaped boxes to their girlfriends or wives. |
| 第5题：People are living longer than ever, but for some reason, women are living longer than men. A、baby boy born in the United States in 2003 can expect to live to be about 73, a baby girl, about 79. This is indeed a wide gap, and no one really knows why it exists. The greater longevity (长寿) of women, however, has been known for centuries. It was, for example, described in the seventeenth century. However, the difference was smaller then—the gap is growing. A、number of reasons have been proposed to account for the differences. The gap is greatest in industrialized societies, so it has been suggested that women are less susceptible to work strains that may raise the risk of heart disease and alcoholism. Sociologists also tell us that women are encouraged to be Jess adventurous than men (and this may be why they are more careful drivers, involved in fewer accidents). Even smoking has been implicated in the age discrepancy. It was once suggested that working women are more likely to smoke and as more women entered the work force, the age gap would begin to close, because smoking is related to earlier deaths. Now, however, we see more women smoking and they still tend to live longer although their lung cancer rate is climbing sharply. One puzzling aspect of the problem is that women do not appear to be as healthy as men. That is, they report far more illnesses.But when a man reports an illness, it is more likely to be serious. Some researchers have suggested that men may die earlier because their health is more strongly related to their emotions. For example, men tend to die sooner after losing a spouse than women do. Men even seem to be more weakened by loss of a joB、Both of these are linked with a marked decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system).Among men, death follows retirement with an alarming promptness. Perhaps we are searching for the answers too close to the surface or the problem. Perhaps the answers lie deeper in our biological heritage.After all, the phenomenon is not isolated to humans. Females have the edge among virtually all mammalian (哺乳动物) species, in that they generally live longer. Furthermore, in many of these species the differences begin at the moment of conception; there are more male miscarriages (流产). In humans, after birth, more baby boys than girls die. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is true A、The great number of male smokers contributes to the age gap. B．The growing number of smoking women will narrow the age gap. C．Female workers are more likely to smoke than male workers. D．Smoking does not seem to affect women’s longevity. |
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