| 在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/4/16） |
| 第1题： It is not clear whether the increase in reports is stemmed from greater human activity or is simply the result of more surveys. A．flows B．comes C．derives D．originates |
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| 第2题：Anyone who’s ever taken a preschooler to the doctor knows they often cry more before the shot than afterwarD、Now researchers using brain scans to unravel the biology of dread have an explanation: For some people, anticipating pain is truly as bad as experiencing it. How badAmong people who volunteered to receive electric shocks, almost a third opted for a stronger zap if they could just get it over with, instead of having to wait. More importantly, the research found that how much attention the brain pays to expected pain determines whether someone is an "extreme dreader" —suggesting that simple diversions could alleviate the misery. The research, published in the journal Science ,is part of a burgeoning new field called neu-ro-economics that uses brain imaging to try to understand how people make choices. Until now, most of that work has focused on reward, the things people will do for positive outcomes. "We were interested in the dark side of the equation," explainedDr. GregoryBerns ofEmory University, who led the new study. "Dread often makes us make bad decisions.’ Standard economic theory says that people should postpone bad outcomes for as long as possible, because something might happen in the interim to improve the outlook. In real life the "just get it over with" reaction is more likely, saidBerns, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. He offers a personal example: he usually pays credit card bills as soon as they arrive instead of waiting until they’re due,even though "it doesn’t make any sense economically." SoBerns designed a study to trace dread inside the brain. He put 32 volunteers into an MRI machine while giving them a series of 96 electric shocks to the foot. The shocks varied in intensity, from barely detectable to the pain of a needle jaB、 Participants were told one was coming, how strong it would be, and how long the wait for it would be, from 1 to 27 seconds. Later, participants were given choices: Would they prefer a medium jolt in 5 seconds or 27 seconds What about a mild jolt in 20 seconds vs. a sharp one in 3 seconds When the voltage was identical, the volunteers almost always chose the shortest wait.But thoseBerns dubbed "extreme dreaders" picked the worst shock if it meant not having to wait as long. The MRI scans showed that a brain network that governs how much pain people feel became active even before they were shocked, particularly the parts of this "pain matrix" that are linked to attention—but not brain regions involving fear and anxiety. The more dread bothered someone, the more attention the pain-sensing parts of the brain were paying to the wait. In other words, the mere information that you’re about to feel pain "seems to be a source of misery," George Lowenstein,a specialist in economics and psychology atCarnegie Mellon University, wrote in an accompanying review of the work. "These findings support the idea that the decision to delay or expedite an outcome depends critically on how a person feels while waiting," Lowenstein addeD、 The National Institute onDrugAbuse funded the research. What’s the link between dread and drug use It’s indirect, but now that scientists know how healthy people’s brains anticipate unpleasant consequences, future studies can compare how drug abusers process such information. The best title for this passage could be ______. A、Study: waiting can hurt B．Worst ShockAlleviate Pain C．ExtremeDreaders phenomenon D．Time: The Source ofDread |
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| 第3题：TheEnglish word "veto" means "I will not permit". It is a way for one member of a group or government to (61) action by other members. For example, the United Nations SecurityCouncil (62) five permanent members, the United States,China,Britain, France and RussiA、 (63) can use the veto to block action by the whole group.Britain and France did this in 1956. They vetoed a resolution (64) Israel to withdraw its forces fromEgyptian territory. The most (65) use of the veto is by an executive over the legislative in a government with a president. The United StatesConstitution (66) such a veto. The (67) also says a president’s veto can be changed by a second vote ofCongress. This is called overriding the president’s veto. For a bill to become law, (68) of the members of both houses ofCongress (69) vote to override the president’s veto. ThroughoutAmerican history, presidents (70) more than 2 500 congressional bills.Congress has been able to override the president’s veto (71) 104 times. Presidents in the late 1800s and early 1700s did not use the veto frequently. In the 1940s,President Franklin Roosevelt vetoed more than 600 bills.But he was president for 12 years, much longer than anyone else. More recently, President Ronald Reagan vetoed (72) in his eight years in office.And GeorgeBush vetoed 44 bills in four years. Today,Congress is approving bills designed to (73) the size and cost of the federal government. PresidentClinton does not (74) all the congressional plans. He has different ideas about (75) parts of government should be cut and by how much. He already vetoed at least one of these bills. A．Both B．All of which C．Every D．Each |
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| 第4题：When I was home inBritain on holiday last summer, I spent an evening looking at photos my father had taken when he stayed with us inBeijing in the spring of 1966. Of all these interesting scenes of the past, the one I exclaimed at was a photo ofChangAn Jie at Tiananmen. The photo showed one car and two bicycles! This made me reflect on the changes that have transformedBeijing since I came to the city 37 years ago. In those days, the bicycle was king. What sheer joy it was to cycle along with the hundreds (not thousands) of fellow pedallers (骑车人), never in fear of life and limb as one is now. I bought my first bike in 1963. It cost me 150 yuan-in those days three or four months’ salary for the average city dweller. Such changes! Good or bad Today, cycling is hazardous but bikes are easily affordable. Gone are the old wooden houses I remember in southBeijing and fast disappearing are the small, overcrowded courtyard houses lacking running water, central heating and bathroom. Very manyBeijingers now live in more convenient, better-equipped flats in high-rises.But these very high-rises are swallowing up the unique character of the old city of narrow hutongs, age-old siheyuan and close-knit communities. I loved years ago to cycle toBeihai to visit my friends (I then taught atChina ForeignAffairs University). In spring I rode through the blue-green wheat fields, in summer through fields of tall maize (玉米). Further west; beyondBeijing Foreign Studies University there were the vegetable fields of theEvergreenCommune (四季青公社) and the rice paddies glistening in the summer sun.But now, asBeijing stretches out further and further, west, east, north, south, there’s decent housing for families, busy offices for employment and large department stores and supermarkets where, if you have the money, there’s little you cannot buy. What can be inferred about the 1960s according to the passage A、The bikes were more expensive than it is today. B．People’s salary was very low. C、Most people could afford a bike. D．People lived in courtyard houses with very good equipment. |
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| 第5题：Promptness is important inAmerican business, academic, and social settings. The (56) of punctuality is taught to young children at school. Today slips and the use of bells signal to the child that (57) and time itself are to be respecteD、 People who keep (58) are considered dependable. If people are late for job interviews, appointments, or classes, they are often (59) unreliable and irresponsible. In the business setting, "time is money" and companies may (60) their executive for tardiness to business meetings. Of course, it is not always possible to be punctual. Social and business etiquette also provides rules for (61) arrivals.Calling (62) the telephone if one is going to be more than a few minutes late for (63) appointments is (64) polite and is often expecteD、Keeping a friend waiting (65) ten to twenty minutes is considered rude. Respecting deadlines is also important in academic and professional (66) . Students who (67) assignments late may be surprised to find that the professor will (68) their grade or even refuse to (69) their work. (70) it is a question of arriving on time or of meeting a deadline, people are culturally expected to stick to the schedule time. A、on B．in C．at D．to |
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