| 在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/5/14） |
| 第1题：According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, in such friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done".Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member.Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals.Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a distant respect. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2 A、 A、person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group. B．Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person. C． A、person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership. D．Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications. |
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| 第2题： The contract is ______ unless it is officially stamped. A．invalid B．invaluable C．precious D．deliberate |
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| 第3题：現在、[注1]バブル崩壊の影響(61)労働時間はだいぶ短縮されたが、朝早く家(62)出て、深夜に帰宅する会社員は少なくない。土 日曜日もゴルフの接待で出かけ、子供と接する機会も少ない。(63)、親子のコミュニケーションがうまく行かなくなってしまうこともあるそうだ。サラリーマン(64)家庭と仕事の両立は悩みのタネとなっている。欧米の人に比べて日本人は「会社人間」だ。「会社を休む(65)、後で忙しくなるし、会社や同僚に迷惑になるから、休みは取れない」という声が多く(66)。また、日本の会社には「転勤」という独特の制度がある。「転勤」は普通一方的会社の命令でなされるものである。東京から地方の都市へ転勤になる場合、「単身赴任」を選ぶ人が多い。三十代の男性では十人(67)一人の割合だが、子供の年齢が高くなる(68)「単身赴任」の割合が増えるという。単身赴任をする理由には「子供の教育のため」、「自分の家をもっているから」、「両親が同居しているから」などがあるが、中(69)「子供の教育のため」というのが最大の理由であろう。地方都市へ引っ越すと、子供の学力が低下し(70)というのだ。[注1] バブル：泡沫经济 A、聞く B．言われる C．言う D．聞かれる |
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| 第4题： IDEA、requires public schools {{U}} (3) {{/U}} a free and appropriate education to all disabled children. The law also requires that all children with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21 receive support services, such as {{U}} (4) {{/U}} or physical therapy, {{U}} (5) {{/U}} the type or seriousness of their disability. {{U}} (6) {{/U}} the provisions of IDEA, schools must {{U}} (7) {{/U}} all children with disabilities. To do this school officials provide each child with a comprehensive {{U}} (8) {{/U}} conducted by teachers, the parents, and appropriate specialists, such as children with speech difficulties. IDEA、also requires schools to give parents the opportunity to assist in the development and {{U}} (9) {{/U}} of their child’s education plan. The plan specifies goals for the student’s education, methods to achieve those goals, and services to be provideD、Each student’s education plan is reviewed {{U}} (10) {{/U}}. To the maximum extent appropriate, a child with a disability must be educated with children who do not have disabilities. In addition, IDEA、requires that older children with disabilities receive transition services to assist in the change from school to adult activities, {{U}} (11) {{/U}} employment, continuing education, and finding a place to live. IDEA、provides federal financial support for schools to develop special education programs. Other federal laws prohibit discrimination {{U}} (12) {{/U}} disability. Section 504 of theAct of 1973 {{U}} (13) {{/U}} discrimination against individuals with disabilities in public schools and any other federally supported programs. TheAmericans withDisabilitiesAct of 1990 ensures {{U}} (14) {{/U}} for individuals with disabilities in all {{U}} (15) {{/U}} life, including education, the workplace, transportation, and telecommunications. |
| 第5题：For over 30 years,Donald Kroodsma has worked to disclose such mysteries of bird communication. Through field studies and laboratory experiments, he’s studied the ecological and social forces that may have contributed to the evolution of vocal learning. Kroodsma has paid particular attention to local variation in song types, known as dialects. TheBlack-cappedChickadees (Parus atricapillus)on Martha’s Vineyard, for example, have an entirely different song than their counterparts on the Massachusetts mainland, he says.Birds that live on the boundary between two dialects or that spend time in different areas can become "bilingual," learning the; songs of more than one group of neighbors. Recently, Kroodsma discovered that the Three-wattledBellbird (Procnias tricarunculata) is constantly changing its song, creating what he calls a "rapid cultural evolution within each generation. "This kind of song evolution is found in whales but, up until now, rarely in birds. A、professor of biology at the University of Massachusetts atAmherst, Kroodsma is also co-editor of the bookEcology andEvolution ofAcousticCommunication inBirdsCornell University Press, 1996). Though he plans to continue his field studies, he says that one of his most important goals now is to help people understand how to listen to birdsong. "Many people can identify a Wood Thrush(Hylocichla mustelina)when they hear it. It’s one of the most beautiful songs in the world, "he says. "Little do they realize they could hear the things that Wood Thrush is communicating if they just knew how to listen." Next is an interview made between an amateur of bird songs(SA、andDonald KroodsmA、 SA、Can you make any comparison between how a baby bird learns to sing and how a young human learns to speak DK: On the surface, it’s remarkably similar. I often play a tape of my daughter, recorded when she was about a year and a half olD、She is taking all the sounds she knows, "bow-wow, kitty, no, down” and randomly piecing them together in a nonsensical babbling sequence. Then I play a tape of a young bird and dissect what it’s doing in what we call its "subsong," and it’s exactly the same thing. It’s taking all the sounds it has memorized, all the sounds it has been exposed to, and singing them in a random sequence. It looks like what the baby human and the baby bird are doing is identical. Some might say that’s a crass comparison, but it’s very intriguing. SA、Why do the song repertoires(全部技能)and dialects of some birds vary from place to place DK: For the species of birds that do not learn their songs, I like to think of it simplistically as the song being encoded right in theirDNA、With these birds, if we find differences in their songs from place to place, it means that theDNA、has changed too, that the populations are genetically different. But there are species in which the songs are not encoded in theDNA、Then we have something very similar to humans, in which speech is learned and varies from place to place. If you were raised in Germany, for example, you’d be speaking German rather thanEnglish with no change in your genes. So with the birds that learn their songs, you get these striking differences from place to place because the birds have learned the local dialect. SA、How is this affected by whether a bird is nomadic DK: If you know the rest of your life you’re going to be speakingEnglish, you work hard at learningEnglish.But what if you know that you’ll be repeatedly thrown in with people speaking different languages from all over the world You start to see the enormous challenge it would be to learn the language or dialect of all these different locations. So I think for nomadic birds like Sedge Wrens [Cistothorus platensis], because they are thrown together with different birds every few months from all over the geographic range, they don’t bother to imitate the songs of their immediate neighbors. They make up some kind of gen |
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