| 在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/6/15） |
| 第1题：Birds are literally half-asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping, according to a new study of sleeping ducks. Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere’s eye stays open and alert.Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once. Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions.Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction. Also, birds dozing (打盹) at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks diD、Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep during 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots. "We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say. The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that single- hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lockout side could be widespread, he predicts. He’s seen it in a pair of birds’ dozing side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open. Useful as half-sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water mammals(哺乳动物) as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. Studies of birds may offer Unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA、says he wonders if birds’ half-brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg (冰山) ". He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half-awake in order to ______.A．alert themselves to the approaching enemy B．emerge from water now and then to breathe C．be sensitive to the ever-changing environment D．avoid being swept away by rapid currents |
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| 第2题： Ahead of other parts of the nation, the territory of Wyoming granted women the vote in 1869. A．Preceding B．Preventing C．Opposing D．Urging |
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| 第3题：There is no question that the old style of air pollution could kill people. In one week following the infamous "peasouper" fog inDecember 1952, 4,700 people died in London. Most of these people were elderly and already had heart or lung diseases. A、series of these killer fogs eventually led to theBritish Parliament passing theCleanAirAct which restricted the burning of coal. Fortunately the effect of smog on the lungs is not so dramati C、Scientists have now conducted a number of laboratory experiments in which volunteers are exposed to ozone inside a steel chamber for a few hours.Even at quite low concentrations there is a reversible fall in lung function, an increase in the irritability of the lungs and evidence of airway inflammation (发炎).Although irritable and inflamed lungs are particularly seen in people with asthma (哮喘) and other lung diseases, these effects of ozone also occur in healthy subjects. Similar changes are also seen after exposure to nitrogen dioxide, although there is some disagreement about the concentration at which they occur. Other studies have found that people living in areas with high levels of pollution have more symptoms and worse hung function than those living in areas with clean air. Groups of children attending school camps show falls in lung function even at quite low concentrations of ozone. There is also a relationship between ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthma, both in NorthAmerica andAustrali A、It is suspected that long-term exposure to smog may result in chronic bronchitis (支气管炎) and emphysema (肺气肿), but this has yet to be proven. Recently an association has been found between the levels of particles in the air and death rates in NorthAmerican cities. The reason for this association is not understood and as yet there is no evidence this occurs inAustrali A、However, we do know that hazy days are associated with more asthma attacks in children. Irritable and inflamed lungs are also seen in people with______. A、asthma B、lung diseases C、good health D．weak health |
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| 第5题：{{B}}Passage Five{{/B}} In recent years, however, there have been several technological and institutional developments that are likely to have major efforts on the industry. One of the latter is the aggregation of conventions and practices known as the Law of the Sea, which has been discussed in the United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea since 1958. The third UNCLOS began in 1974 and concluded when a treaty was issued onApril 30, 1982. The treaty will enter in force when 60 nations have ratified it. How soon that will happen is, of course, not possible to say. What can be said is that a new legal structure governing the oceans appears to be evolving, with traditional principles giving way to new concepts. Since the environment in which an industry operates determines its structure and mode of operations, international shipping has been molded by the conventional principles governing the use of the oceans as highways and will be affected by shifts in the international climate and changes in the Law of SeA、 Ocean shipping, as we know it today, has developed under the concepts of "freedom of the seas" and limited territorial waters with the rights of "innocent passage."Clearly, a new Law of the Sea derived from a reinterpretation of these concepts will significantly change the atmosphere in which the shipping industry operates and, accordingly, dictate revised policies and practices for both industry and public authorities. Minimally, ship operations must consider changes in the definitions of what constitutes the high seas. They must consider the corresponding changes in the jurisdiction of shipping lanes and coastal and open waters; compliance with rules for environmental protection; and vessel traffic controls in some areas. (355w) |