| 在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/7/12） |
| 第1题： {{B}}Passage One{{/B}} Aided by hp’s energetic lobbying, the greens persuaded state lawmakers to adopt a landmark program that forces electronics companies to foot the bill for recycling their old equipment. "This bill puts our market-based economy to work for the environment," said Washington GovernorChristine O. Gregoire as she signed the plan into law on Mar 24. The movement to recycle electronic refuse, or "e-waste," is spreading across the nation, and so is hp’s clout. The company helped the greens win a big battle in Maine, In 2004 when the state passed the nation’s first e-waste "take-back" law. Washington followed suit. Now, Minnesota and New Jersey are preparing to act, and 19 other states are weighing legislation.Activists hope to banish high-tech junk from landfills and scrub the nation’s air and water of lead, chromium, mercury, and other toxins prevalent in digital debris, hp’s efforts have made it the darling of environmentalists. They say take-back laws are more effective at getting digital junk recycled than point-of-sale fees, which tax consumer electronics products to fund state-run recycling programs. They’re also pleased because effective programs in the U. S. reduce the likelihood that the products will be shipped to less developed countries and disassembled under unsafe conditions. But hp’s agenda isn’t entirely altruistiC、Take-back laws play to the company’s strategic strengths. For decades the computer maker has invested in recycling infrastructure, a move that has lowered its production costs, given it a leg up in the secondary market for equipment, and allowed it to build a customer service out of "asset management," which includes protection of dam that might remain on discarded gear. In 2005, hp recycled more than 70 000 tons of product, the equivalent of about 10% of company sales and a 15% increase from the year before.And it collected more than 2.5 million units (in excess of 25 000 tons) of hardware to be refurbished for resale or donation. No other electronics maker has a resale business on this scale.But the others may soon wish to emulate hp. "We see legislation coming," saysDavid Lear, hp’s vice-president for corporate, social, and environmental responsibility. "A、lot of companies haven’t stepped up to the plate.... If we do this right, it becomes an advantage to us." |
| 第2题：In recent years there has been an increasing number of large oil spills. These spills, some of which have occurred directly at the site of extraction and others during transportation, have had in adverse effect on marine organisms.Because of the importance of these organisms in the life cycle, research has been carried out in order to identify more accurately the reactions of these organisms to oil. A、recent study has revealed that it is essential to understand that there is not one but rather, at least four possible ways in which oil can affect an organism. First, as a result of an organism’s ingestion of oil, direct lethal toxicity (毒性), that is, death by poisoning, can occur. However, in cases where the effect is less extreme, sub-lethal toxicity occurs. While cellular and physiological processes are involved in both cases in the latter, the organism continues to survive. Second, in some cases, oil forms a covering on the organism. This covering, referred to as coating, can result in smothering, that is, death of the organism due to lack of air. In instances where the effects of coating are less severe, interference with movement and loss of insulated properties of feathers or fur may occur. The third effect of oil on marine organisms is the tainting or contamination of edible organisms. This results from the incorporation of hydrocarbons (碳化氢) into the organism, thus making it unfit for human consumption. The final effect which this study has revealed is that of habitual changes. The alterations in the physical and chemical environment brought about by oil spills result in a change in the species composition of a region. The implications of this must recent study are far-reaching.An oil spill in a particular region could critically upset the balance of nature, the total effect only becoming apparent after many years. What is the title of this passage A、Marine Organisms. B．Oil Spills. C．TheEffect of Oil on Marine Organisms. D．The Study of Oil Spills. |
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| 第3题：For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never-ending flood of words. In (61) a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend (62) can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are (63) readers. Most of us develop poor reading (64) at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency (65) in the actual stuff of language itself—words. Taken individually, words have (66) meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. (67) , however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to (68) words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over (69) you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading.Another habit which (70) down the speed of reading is vocalization—sounding each word either orally or mentally as (71) reads. To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an (72) , which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speeD、The bar is set at a slightly faster rate (73) the reader finds comfortable, in order to "stretch" him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, (74) word-by-word reading, regression and subvocalization, practically impossible.At first (75) is sacrificed for speeD、But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, but also your comprehension will improve. A．training B．habits C．situations D．custom |
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| 第4题：{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}} For policymakers everywhere, the task is to get the little critters to nest and breeD、Give them the conditions they like--plenty of venture capital, tax breaks and a risk-taking culture—and the sun will shine on all of us, just like inCaliforniA、 Along comesAmarBhide to tell us most of this is plain wrong.Entrepreneurs, he asserts, are not risk-takers at all. Nor do most of them innovate, or depend on venture capital. His findings are striking enough. Start with his assertion that entrepreneurs are not innovators or risk-takers. The vast majority of new businesses, he points out, start small and stay that way. These are the hairdressing salons, corner shops and landscape gardeners. Those are mature, predictable industries. For just that reason, they are the least profitable. The success stories come in areas of high uncertainty, where markets are changing fast because of technology, regulation or fashion.A、very large proportion, unsurprisingly, are in computing. But Mr.Bhide insists they are rarely innovative. The people who start high-growth businesses take a humdrum idea, usually from someone else, then change it constantly to fit the market. The starting point is much less important than what happens next. Nor are they risk-takers. These are typically young people, with no money, expertise or status. They have nothing to lose. Risk arrives later on, when they have made their pile and must decide whether to invest in long-term growth or sell out. This is one reason why so few promising start-ups become aDell or Microsoft. Taking planned, calculated risks is the job of big, established companies, Mr.Bhide argues. True entrepreneurs rarely have the temperament for it. What they have, instead, is a high tolerance for ambiguity--defined as knowledge that you know you do not have. Few of Mr.Bhide’s interviewees began with any kind of business plan. That would have been a waste of time: the future was simply too uncertain. Therein lay their opportunity. Big companies may be happy with risk, but they cannot stand ambiguity. They can invest billions in a chip plant or oil field, but only when they know the odds. When the odds are unknown, entrepreneurs have the game to themselves. |
| 第5题：Zoos have become an important site for the preservation and protection of wildlife resources, (61) those species that are endangereD、 (62) , many zoos displayed live animals for public entertainment. Presently some zoos have become scientific and educational (63) that have contributed to the understanding and conservation of wild animal populations. (64) the challenges facing modern zoos are the cost of upgrading old facilities, the struggle to obtain 65 operating funds, and the need to attract more visitors to new and entertaining exhibits. Many (66) zoos inAmerican cities have undergone renovation (翻新) during the last decades of the twentieth century.Among the recent trends in zoo (67) is the construction of new enclosures that resemble natural habitats (栖息地). The replacement of traditional steel bars and concrete floors (68) appropriately designed surroundings improves visitor appreciation of the animals. Such renovations may (69) stress on animals and allow them to interact with one another more naturally. Several major zoos conduct captive propagation programs.A、captive propagation program includes the breeding of (70) zoo or wild animals to obtain offspring, usually for release to (71) or for transfer to other zoos.Captive breeding is one method of 72 some species from extinction. Zoos have expanded and improved public education programs also, with education departments that develop programs (73) zoo exhibits. Public activities include in-school programs, zoos tours, special events, and websites. The Zoological Society of New York, for example, conducted a major project with a WesternAfrican government to monitor an elephant herd (74) it moved throughout its range. The importance of zoos will increase as natural habitats are diminishing. Through will their efforts (75) conservation, education, and environmental advocacy, zoos continue to play a critical role in wildlife preservation throughout the worlD、 A．limited B．professional C．sufficient D．excessive |
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