| 在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/8/16） |
| 第1题：One of the most widely discussed subjects these days is. energy crisis.Automobile drivers cannot get gasoline; homeowners may not get enough heating oil; factories are (56) by a fuel shortage. The crisis has (57) questions about the large oil companies and windfall (58) .Critics of the oil industry charge that the major companies are getting richer because of the oil shortage. Shortage, of course, drives prices up.As oil prices rise, the critics say, the oil companies will make more money (windfall profits) without doing a thing to (59) the extra cash. "Windfall" profits are sudden unearned profits--profits made (60) luck, or some special turn of events. The word itself tells what "windfall" means--something blown down by the wind, such as trees, or fruit (61) from trees.But the word has taken on a special meaning. This meaning (getting something unearned) was first used in medievalEnglanD、 This is (62) it started: at that time much of the land was in the hands of (63) barons. The rest of the people, commoners, lived and worked on their vast estates. They planted the seed, cared for the farm animals and harvested the crops. Not all the land, however, was used for farming.Every baron kept a large private forest for (64) deer and wild bear. When hungry, the people sometimes would kill the animals in the lord’s forest for fooD、And there were times (65) they might cut down trees for fuel. So, strong laws were passed to protect the forests, and the animals. Violations were severely (66) . But there was one way people could get wood from the forest. If they found trees blown down by the wind ("windfall") they were free to take them for use as fuel in their homes.And that is the meaning that has come down to us--something good gotten by luck or (67) . The common people of oldEngland, often hungry and cold, must often have prayed for a good strong winD、Critics today (68) that the oil industry has also been praying for something just like it --some political or military (69) that might produce a windfall--a rise in oil prices and profits. The oil companies deny that this is so. InCongress, critics of the oil companies have proposed a (70) on such profits. The debate on rising oil price will go on for some time, and most likely we will hear more and more about windfall profits. A、waste B．purchase C．earn D．omit |
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| 第2题：Do you know that all human beings have a "comfortable zone" regulating the distance they stand from someone when they talk This distance varies in interesting ways among people of different cultures. Greeks, others of theEastern Mediterranean, and many of those from SouthAmerica normally stand close together when they talk, often moving their faces even closer as they warm up in a conversation. NorthAmericans find this awkward and often back away a few inches. Studies have found that they tend to feel most comfortable at about 21 inches apart. In much ofAsia andAfrica, there is even more space between two speakers in conversation. This greater space subtly lends an air of dignity and respect. This matter of space is nearly always unconscious, but it is interesting to observe. This difference applies also to the closeness with which people sit together, the extent which they lean over one another in conversation, how they move as they argue, or make an emphatic point. In the United States, for example, people try to keep their bodies apart even in a crowded elevator; in Paris they take it as it comes! Although NorthAmericans have a relatively wide "comfortable zone" for talking, they communicate, a great deal with their hands--not only with gestures but also with touch. They put a sympathetic hand on a person’s shoulder to demonstrate warmth of feeling or an arm around him in sympathy~ they nudge a man in the ribs to emphasize a funny story; they pat an arm in reassurance or stroke a child’s head in affection, they readily take someone’s arm to help him across a street or direct him along an unfamiliar route. To many people—especially those fromAsia or the Muslim countries—such bodily contact is unwelcome, especially if inadvertently done with the left-hanD、 (The left hand carries no special significance in the U. S. ManyAmericans are simply left-handed and use that hand more. ) It can be inferred from the passage that in a crowded elevator, a Frenchman would______.A．behave in the same way as anAmerican would B．make no particular effort to distance himself C．be afraid of bodily contact D．do his best to leave |
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| 第3题：从同化物供给与籽粒败育的关系简述提高结实率的技术途径。(6 分) |
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| 第4题：We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University ofDenver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless Partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what wakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist atDuke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats.But if the animals are conditioned to confront with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively even when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness, is one of the most harmful factors in depression. One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist RobertAder at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (便形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets.Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener,Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning dieD、He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals ______A．can be altered by electric shocks B．can be weakened by conditioning C．can be suppressed by drug injections D．can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin |
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| 第5题：Despite not being terribly smart as individuals, wasp (黄蜂) colonies build and maintain a complex nest that lasts many generations. Just how these social wasps coordinate this task has always been a mystery.But now a mathematical model suggests that one key factor drives their behavior: the amount of water in the nest. Social wasps cannot learn from one another—unlike bees, which use a complex dance to tell nest mates where sources of nectar (花蜜) are. Nor do they use pheromones (信息素) the way ants do to lead other ants to fooD、 Robert Jeanne of the University of Wisconsin-Madison proposed that wasps set up a demand-driven chain of information.At the end of the chain, builder wasps monitor the nest and when necessary, request pulp from pulp forager wasps. They in turn demand water from water foragers in order to make the pulp. But biologist Istvan Karsai ofEast Tennessee State University in JohnsonCity, Tennessee, and his team found that social wasps in Panama don’t actually work that way. They removed either builders or pulp foragers from a colony of a species called Metapolybia aztecoides.Although that should break up the so-called information chain, it did not significantly alter the amount of water being brought into the nest. They also found that the wasps could change roles, something that Jeanne didn’t expert. For instance, when the researchers sprayed a surplus of water onto the nest, water foragers quickly became builders, and nest building increaseD、 Based on their observations, Karsai’s team developed a mathematical model that shows that wasps achieve their complex behaviour simply by monitoring the level of water in the nest—what he calls the"common stomach" of the colony. He believes wasps infer what the level is when they exchange fluids on meeting each other, a behaviour called trophallaxis that is common in many social insects. To test the model, Karsai simulated changes in the model colony, for example by removing pulp foragers or builders. "What’s interesting is that in every case the model responds like the actual colony in Panama, "says Karsai. The word "trophallaxis” is closest in meaning to ______.A．the level of water in the nest B．the common stomach of the colony C．the exchange of fluids on meeting each other D．common social insects |
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