| 在职申硕英语考试易错题（2019/9/11） |
| 第1题：According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, in such friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done".Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member.Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals.Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a distant respect. What does the passage mainly discuss A、The problems faced by leaders. B．How leadership differs in small and large groups. C．How social groups determine who will lead them. D．The role of leaders in social groups. |
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| 第2题：International ocean shipping constitutes a highly significant aspect of world economic and political relationships. The rapid growth in world trade and the emergence of new national entities in the last 30 years have further emphasized the role of international shipping.Because of the generally free environment in which it has operated, the industry is highly mobile and flexible—characteristics that, together with technological progress, have facilitated the rapid growth in world trade. In recent years, however, there have been several technological and institutional developments that are likely to have major efforts on the industry. One of the latter is the aggregation of conventions and practices known as the Law of the Sea, which has been discussed in the United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea since 1958. The third UNCLOS began in 1974 and concluded when a treaty was issued onApril 30, 1982. The treaty will enter in force when 60 nations have ratified it. How soon that will happen is, of course, not possible to say. What can be said is that a new legal structure governing the oceans appears to be evolving, with traditional principles giving way to new concepts. Since the environment in which an industry operates determines its structure and mode of operations, international shipping has been molded by the conventional principles governing the use of the oceans as highways and will be affected by shifts in the international climate and changes in the Law of SeA、 Ocean shipping, as we know it today, has developed under the concepts of "freedom of the seas" and limited territorial waters with the rights of "innocent passage."Clearly, a new Law of the Sea derived from a reinterpretation of these concepts will significantly change the atmosphere in which the shipping industry operates and, accordingly, dictate revised policies and practices for both industry and public authorities. Minimally, ship operations must consider changes in the definitions of what constitutes the high seas. They must consider the corresponding changes in the jurisdiction of shipping lanes and coastal and open waters; compliance with rules for environmental protection; and vessel traffic controls in some areas. (355w) According to the author, which of the following is the main reason that leads to the change of principlesA．countries involved B．climate shift C．changes in the Law of Sea D．industrial environment |
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| 第3题：{{B}}Part ⅣCloze{{/B}} {{B}}{{I}}Directions{{/B}}: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank, there are 4 choices markedA,B, C、andD、Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring {{B}}ANSWER SHEET{{/B}}.{{/I}} To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an {{U}} (72) {{/U}} , which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speeD、The bar is set at a slightly faster rate {{U}} (73) {{/U}} the reader finds comfortable, in order to "stretch" him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, {{U}} (74) {{/U}} word-by-word reading, regression and subvocalization, practically impossible.At first {{U}} (75) {{/U}} is sacrificed for speeD、But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, but also your comprehension will improve. |
| 第4题：Gravity is a slippery beast. We don’t know how strong it is, how it works or how fast its effects move.But this year we made progress. October saw the most accurate measurement yet of Newton’s gravitational constant(引力常数 ), G, a measure of the strength of the gravitational interaction between two objects.A、Swiss team calculated G’s value by measuring how the gravitational pull of two huge tanks of mercury affected the weights of test masses. However, there are discrepancies between measurements of G made in different labs. This year a highly contentious(有争议的) explanation for this was proposeD、A、group of string theorists proposed that gravity is subtly affected by magnetic fields, and that G should be larger nearEarth’s poles where the magnetic field is stronger. Sure enough, this fits with the measurements so far. So G’s varying values might just be the first proof of the hidden dimensions predicted by string theory. Equally tantalising is possible evidence for the existence of gravitational waves, the ripples in space-time supposedly caused by abrupt, violent cosmic events.An Italian team reported that two massive aluminium bars, one atCERN(欧洲粒子物理研究所) near Geneva, the other in Italy, had once vibrated in unison(一致)—perhaps as a result of a passing gravitational wave, they suggest. The claims will be closely scrutinised by gravity researchers in Washington state. They got to turn on a very expensive toy this year. LIGO, one of the biggest scientific instruments ever built. Its twin sets of intersecting 4-kilometre-long laser beams should be very sensitive to any waves.But so far the $400-million machine has not seen anything. At least one gravitational mystery has (hopefully) been wrapped up this year. when you move something, how long before its new position will affect its gravitational pull on surrounding objects In other words, what is the speed of gravity Newton thought the effect instantaneous, butEinstein said it could travel no faster than the speed of light. Astronomers have finally devised a way to test which one of them was right, based on the way gravity bends radio waves from a distant quasar(类星体). They finished the experiment in September. We don’t yet know the answer but our money is onEinstein. Until now LIGO has ______.A．never been turned on yet B．been the biggest scientific instrument C．done nothing to look for the gravitational waves D．found no gravitational waves |
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| 第5题：ManyAmericans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding fooD、FergusClydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, "the streets would be littered with people lying here and there." Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing.BruceAmes, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University ofCalifornia,Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant’s weight is made up of natural pesticide (杀虫剂). Says he. "Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare."And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens--a substance that can cause cancer. Mushrooms (蘑菇) might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives (添加剂).DeclaresChristina Stark, a nutritionist atCornell University: "We’ve got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made. Yet the issues are not that simple. WhileAmericans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink. To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to select and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens. By saying "they employ chemical warfare" (Par A、2),BruceAmes means ______ A、plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growthB、plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseasesC、farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseasesD、farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants |
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