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Reading2"LookingatTheatreHistory"→Oneoft

Reading 2 "Looking at Theatre History"
→ One of the primary ways of approaching the Greek theatre is through archeology, the systematic study of material remains such as architecture, inscriptions, sculpture, vase painting, and other forms of decorative art.
Serious on-site excavations began in Greece around 1870, but W.D
rpfeld did not begin the first extensive study of the Theatre ofDionysus until 1886.
Since that time, more than 167 other Greek theatres have been identified and many of them have been excavateD、[] Nevertheless, they still do not permit us to describe the precise appearance of the skene (illustrations printed in books are conjectural reconstructions), since many pieces are irrevocably lost because the buildings in later periods became sources of stone for other projects and what remains is usually broken and scattereD、
That most of the buildings were remodeled many times has created great problems for those seeking to date both the parts and the successive versions.Despite these drawbacks, archeology provides the most concrete evidence we have about the theatre structures of ancient Greece.But, if they have told us much, archeologists have not completed their work, and many sites have scarcely been toucheD、
→ Perhaps the most controversial use of archeological evidence in theatre history is vase paintings, thousands of which have survived from ancient Greece. (Most of those used by theatre scholars are reproduced in MargareteBieber’s The History of the Greek and Roman Theatre.)Depicting scenes from mythology and daily life, the vases are the most graphic pictorial evidence we have.But they are also easy to misinterpret. Some scholars have considered any vase that depicts a subject treated in a surviving drama or any scene showing masks, flute players, or ceremonials to be valid evidence of theatrical practice. This is a highly questionable assumption, since the Greeks made widespread use of masks, dances, and music outside the theatre and since the myths on which dramatists drew were known to everyone, including vase painters, who might well depict the same subjects as dramatists without being indebted to them. Those vases showing scenes unquestionably theatrical are few in number.
→ Written evidence about ancient Greek theatre is often treated as less reliable than archeological evidence because most written accounts are separated so far in time from the events they describe and because they provide no information about their own sources. Of the written evidence, the surviving plays are usually treated as the most reliable.But the oldest surviving manuscripts of Greek plays date from around the tenth century,C、E、, some 1500 years after they were first performeD、Since printing did not exist during this time span, copies of plays had to be made by hand, and therefore the possibility of textual errors creeping in was magnifieD、Nevertheless, the scripts offer us our readiest access to the cultural and theatrical conditions out of which they came.But these scripts, like other kinds of evidence, are subject to varying interpretations.Certainly performances embodied a male perspective, for example, since the plays were written, selected, staged, and acted by men. Yet the existing plays feature numerous choruses of women and many feature strong female characters.Because these characters often seem victims of their own powerlessness and appear to be governed, especially in the comedies, by sexual desire, some critics have seen these plays as rationalizations by the male-dominated culture for keeping women segregated and cloistereD、Other critics, however, have seen