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The many part of the earth’s atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earth’s surface to produce a whole-the climate system. Different parts of the earth’s surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere at different rates.
We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally, we depend on our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model. Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate-storms, blizzards, and droughts.
1.Why does the author discuss different parts of the earth’s surface in paragraph 1?
A.To explain why humans live in some parts but not in others
B.To show that the entire earth is made of the same materials
C.To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere
D.To describe changes in the earth’s appearance throughout the year.
2.According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate?
A.We must interpret data and take actions related to climate
B.We must create an interesting model of the climate system
C.We must develop an understanding of our environment
D.We must change our traditional ways of studying climate.
(思考)3. Read the sentence below and write an essay which will have a minimum of 100 words.
Our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions.Listoneoftheadvantagesforlivingabroadand
List one of the advantages for living abroad and explain the advantage with details. Include reasons and details to support your response.{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}Listentoapartofadiscu
{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}
Listen to a part of a discussion in a biology class.Why does the professor say this
A．To show the effect of agriculture on pollinators.
B．To describe the nectar-producing plants.
C．To show how stones improve a garden.
D．To describe effects of plant disease.
Thesmoothoperationofanantcolonydependson
The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simples of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts(5) a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group.At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants’’ signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign.Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this(10) odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity. Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations.
A、fire ant(15) queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony’’s workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest. Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source(20) is worth keeping secret.Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse.If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.Why does the author mention "dead insects" in line 23
A、To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects
B．To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter
C．To argue the superiority of ants over other insects
D．To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of antsOneofthe(mostimpressive)culturalachievem
One of the (most impressive) cultural achievements of the United State (during) the 1920's was a (vastly) outpouring of (serious literature).A．most impressive
B．during
C．vastly
D．serious literatureInthefuture,studentsmayhavethechoiceofst
In the future,students may have the choice of studying at home by using technology such as computers or television or of studying at traditional schools.Which would you prefer Use reasons and specific details to explain your choice.FamilyMattersThismonth,Wyomingpassedabil
Family Matters
This month, Wyoming passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one’s parents.Called the Maintenance of ParentsBill, it received the backing of the Government.
That does not mean it hasn’t generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure. Others who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family, cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your Son" law.
Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails.All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Wyoming needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to show it up.
Wyoming faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age.Demography is inexorable. In 1980, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket.By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age persen. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline.
But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net.
Traditionally, a person’s insurance against poverty in his old age was his family care and support for one’s parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.
The problem in Wyoming is that the moral obligation to look after one’s parents is unenforceable.A、father can be compelled by law to maintain his children.A、husband can be forced to support his wife.But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.
In 1989, anAdvisoryCouncil was set up to look into the problems of the ageD、Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations.But what about the 5% who aren’t getting relatives’ support They have several options:
(a) get a job and work until they die;
(b) apply for public assistance (you have to be destitute to apply); or
(c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable.And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages
The Maintenance of ParentsBill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Wyoming from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust.
Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill’s effect would be far more subtle.
First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual’s—not society’s—responsibility to look after his parents. Wyoming is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this ideA、
Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice.A、[■]But to be sued by one’s parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace.B、[■] The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengtheneD、C、[■] It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.D、[■]
It would be nice to think Wyoming doesn’t need this kind of law. Those of us who pusComposerstodayuseawidervarietyofsoundsth
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises.ComposerEdgard Varese (1883-1965) called thus the "liberation of soun
D、..the right to make music with any and all sounds." Electronic music, for example―made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and(5)electronic instruments―may include sounds that in the past would not have been consdered musicalEnvironmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition.But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic(10) sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments.
A、brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions.(15) Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconvennonal in Western music―tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas―are widelv use
D、 In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of Microtones. Non-Western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more(20) finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greter number of distinct tones, or micro tones, within the same interval.Composers such as Krzysztof Pmderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters―closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of soun
D、The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed(25) at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium. Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to
A、chart the history of innovation in musical notation
B．explain the logic of standard musical notation
C．design and develop electronic instruments
D、indicate how particular sounds should be producedQuestions30-39TheatmosphereofVenusisquit
Questions 30-39The atmosphere of Venus is quite different from ours. Measurements taken from theEarth show a high concentration of carton dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus. In fact,carbon dioxide makes up 96 percent of Venus* atmosphere; nitrogen makes up almost all the rest. TheEarth’s atmosphere, by comparison, is mainly nitrogen, with a fair amountof oxygen as well.Carbon dioxide makes up less than 0.1 percent of the terrestrial atmosphere,The surface pressure of Venus* atmosphere is 90 limes higher than the pressure ofEarth’s atmosphere, as a result of the large amount of carbon dioxide in the former.ThroughoutEarth’s history, carbon dioxide onEarth has mixed with rain to dissolve10 rocks; the dissolved rock and carbon dioxide eventually flow into the oceans, where they precipitate to fonn new terrestrial rocks, often with the help of life-forms. If this carbondioside were released from theEarth’s rocks, along with ower carton dioxide trapped inseawater, our atmosphere would become as dense and have as high a preasore as that ofVenus. Venus, slightly closer to the Sun thanEarth and thus hotter, had no’oceans in which the carbon dioxide could dissolve or life to help take up the carbon.Also, Venus has probably lost almost all the water it ever ha
D、Since Venus is closerto the Sun than theEarth is, its lower atmosphere was hotter even early on. The resultwas that more water vapor went into its upper atmosphere, where solar ultraviolet raysbroke in up into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen, a light gas, escaped easily; the oxygen has combined with other gasses or with iron on Venus1 surface.Studies from theEarth show that the clouds on Venus are primarily composed of droplets of sulfuric acid, with water droplets mixed in* Sulfuric acid may sound strangeas a cloud constituent, but theEarth too has a significant layer of sulfuric acid dropletsin its stratosphere. However, the water in the lower layers of theEarth’s atmosphere,circulating because of weather, washes the sulfur compounds out of these layers, whereas Venus has sulfur compounds in me lower layers of its atmosphere in addition to those inits clouds. The phrase “the former” in line8 refers to
A、the surface pressure
B．Venus1 atmosphere
C．Earth’s atmosphere
D、a resultOfallmoderninstruments,theviolinisappare
Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists inessence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, coveredwith a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty ofdesign, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are(5) determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance isdeceptive.About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin, Its tone and itsoutstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important.however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with thelarger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus(10)of the modern symphony orchestr
A、The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrumentin its own right dates from the early 1600’’s, when it first became standard in Italianopera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre(15)violons du Roy (The King’’s 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later inthe century.In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the factthat the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired(20)by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositionsdemanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinnerstrings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin’’sinternal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility(25)and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingeringpatterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.Which of the following terms is defined in the passage
A、resonator (line 2)
B．solo (line 7)
C．left-hand technique (line 25)
D．fingering patterns (lines 25-26)WhatcanbeinferredabouttheMayancultureA.M
What can be inferred about the Mayan culture
A、Mayan civilization began to decline around 900AD、
B、Historians are not sure about the reason for the decline.
C、The study of Mayan civilization has become very popular now.
D、Mayan civilization will flourish again in the future.A．HelpthewomanrepairhercarB．Helpthewoman
A、Help the woman repair her car
B．Help the woman find a job
Cancel the woman’s appointment for her
D．Take the woman to her doctor’s officeSinceprehistoricpeoplefirstappliednatura
Since prehistoric people first applied natural pigments to cave walls, _________ have painted to express themselves.
A、when artists
B．artists
C．artists who
D．that artistsA．(Theadvantagesoftraditionalsurveyingme
A、( The advantages of traditional surveying methods
B、Using satellites to communicate with mountain climbers
C、Obtaining new information about a mountain
D、Controlling satellites from the top of a mountainListening4"Professor’sOffice"{$mediaurl}
Listening 4 "Professor’s Office"
{$mediaurl} Which of the following would be an example of a third-country pattern
Click on 2 answer choices.
A、A、Scottish manager in anAmerican company inAfrica
B、A、German manager in a Swiss company in Germany
C、A、British manager in anAmerican company in India
D、A、French manager in a French company inCanadaLichensTobecertain,alichenisnotthemostco
Lichens
To be certain, a lichen is not the most conspicuous of plants. Lichens grow in unassuming fashion on rocks, logs and other exposed surfaces in a wide range of habitats around the worlD、To the untrained eye they look like little more than crusty patches that, at first glance, might easily be mistaken for a discoloration of the surface.Even if the average person should happen to notice the lichen’s presence and correctly identify it as some form of life, he is unlikely to go much further in contemplating it. Though almost totally ignored by the layperson, for the botanist, lichens are one of the most fascinating of all plants, and one of the most intensely studieD、
They are the subject of so much scientific scrutiny primarily because a lichen is not just one plant. It is, in fact, a composite organism made up of fungus and algae living together in a close association that is, presumably, beneficial to both. When these two very different plants combine, the result is a unique and very long-lived composite organism that appears, at least on a macroscopic scale, to be a unitary plant. It is an organism that bears no resemblance to either of its constituents when they are observed individually. The separate fungal and algae elements can be recognized only when the body of the plant, called a thallus because there are no stems or roots, is sectioned and examined under a microscope. When viewed this way, the fungus component dominates the picture, as it accounts for nine tenths of the total body mass of the lichen.But, entrapped within it, clearly visible as dark spots, are the algae cells.Essentially, nothing is known of how an amorphous mass of fungi and algae come together to form a highly differentiated, structurally stable body.
Despite all the scientific scrutiny lichens have received, it is still not entirely certain what each member gains from the association. Some researchers have speculated that the fungi join in the relationship because they are able to consume the algae cells as they die and therefore are guaranteed a food supply.
It is well-known that the chlorophyll- containing algae cells produce food by means of photosynthesis. 
There may be some mechanism, still unknown to us, through which this energy source is utilized by the fungus. Fungus possesses no chlorophyll of its own. How or even whether the algae benefit from this association is still less certain, though we can easily imagine that they gain mechanical protection from the elements by being tightly enveloped in the structural fibers of the fungus body. They should also benefit from retention of water between the fibers.
The hardiness of lichens has made them what botanists term "pioneer plants". This refers to their ability to colonize habitats where other plants do not exist. They are common on barren rocky surfaces, where the lack of soil precludes the establishment of most other kinds of plant life. They can even be found in places as hostile and extreme as the interior of theAntarctic continent.Although they are most often associated with far northern or southern environments, they have been found living in sun baked desert soils that are otherwise devoid of life. The most highly specialized lichens are the endolithic species of theAntarctic, which as the name indicates, live inside rocks, forming more or less continuous tissue structures between the rock crystals.
As remarkable in their robustness as lichens are, there is one kind of an environment which they are generally unable to tolerate. Habitats that are heavily affected by pollution are noticeably devoid of lichenReading4"FourStagesofPlanetaryDevelopmen
Reading 4 "Four Stages of PlanetaryDevelopment"
PlanetaryDevelopment
→ In our study of the planetEarth, we will find a four-stage history of planetary development. The moon and all the terrestrial planets have passed through these stages, although differences in the way the planets were altered by these stages have produced dramatically different worlds. The moon, for example, is much likeEarth, but its evolution has been dramatically altered by its smaller size.As we explore the solar system, we will discover not entirely new processes but rather familiar effects working in slightly different ways.
The Four Stages
The first stage of planetary evolution is differentiation, the separation of material according to density.Earth now has a dense core and a lower-density crust, and that structure must have originated very early.
Differentiation would have occurred easily ifEarth were molten when it was young. Two sources of heat could have heatedEarth. First, heat of formation would be created by in-falling material.A、meteorite hittingEarth at high velocity converts most of its energy of motion into heat, and the in-falling of a large number of meteorites could release tremendous heat. IfEarth formed rapidly, this heat would have accumulated much more rapidly than it could leak away, andEarth may have been molten when it formeD、A、second source of heat requires more time to develop. The decay of radioactive elements trapped in theEarth releases heat gradually; but, as soon asEarth formed, that heat would have begun to accumulate and could have helped meltEarth to facilitate differentiation. Most ofEarth’s radioactive elements are now concentrated in the crust, where they continue to warm and soften the rock layers.
Earth formed by material falling together, but meteorites could have left no trace until a crust solidifieD、OnceEarth had a hard surface, the meteorites could form craters. This second stage in planetary evolution, cratering, was violent. The heavy bombardment was intense because the solar nebula was filled with rocky and icy debris, and the youngEarth was battered by meteorites that pulverized the newly forming crust. The largest meteorites blasted out crater basins hundreds of kilometers in diameter.As the solar nebula cleared, the amount of debris decreased, and the level of cratering fell to its present low level.Although meteorites still occasionally strikeEarth and dig craters, cratering is no longer the dominant influence onEarth’s geology.As we compare other worlds withEarth, we will discover traces of this intense period of cratering, the heavy bombardment, on every old surface in the solar system.
→ The third stage, flooding, no doubt began while cratering was still intense. The fracturing of the crust and the heating caused by radioactive decay allowed molten rock just below the crust to well up through fissures and flood the deeper basins. We will discuss such flooded basins on other worlds, such as the moon, but all traces of this early lava flooding have been destroyed by later geological activity inEarth’s crust. OnEarth, flooding continued as the atmosphere cooled and water fell as rain, filling the deepest basins to produce the first oceans.Notice that onEarth flooding involves both lava and water, a circumstance that we will not find on most worlds.
The fourth stage, slow surface evolution, has continued for the last 3.5 billion years or more.
Earth’s surface is constantly changing as sections of crust slide over each other, push up mountains, and shift continents. 
Almost all traces of the firsThecelesta,anorchestralpercussioninstrum
The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___ A．a small upright piano
B．how a small upright piano
C．a small upright piano is
D．as a small upright pianoListening6"BotanyClass"{$mediaurl}Whydoe
Listening 6 "BotanyClass"
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Why does the professor talk about the history of hydroponics
A、She wants to put the modern method in historical context.
B、She is trying to prove that hydroponics is a new ideA、
C、She is following the information in the textbook very closely.
D、She digressed from the subject for a long time.