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(By)theendofthenineteenthcentury,organic
(By) the end of the nineteenth century, organic chemistry had (develop) new (methods) for the (synthesis) of dyes, perfumes, explosives, and medicines.A．By
B．develop
C．methods
D．synthesis
Atthecollegelevel,thebestpreparationform
At the college level, the best preparation for management is a liberal arts education. Individuals who will guide the future of their companies must broaden and deepen their understanding of the worlD、This means covering the whole range of the liberal arts, from science to literature to mathematics to history. Today’s executives must have some grasp of economic realities and the political process, as well as some comprehension of the basic framework within which scientific and technological changes take place. They must gain an understanding of human nature, including its negative aspects, such as the sources of human conflict and the pitfalls of power.
The word pitfalls in the passage is closest in meaning to
A、benefits
B．stages
C．causes
D．hazards
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Listen to the lecture in business class

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Why did the professor say this
.A．The company had a long history before it changed the name into "Nike".
B．Nike won’t change the trademark logo.
C．Bowerman and Knight borrowed name from Greek Goddess in belief that Greek gods would help them succeeD、
D．If Michael Jordan didn’t endorse Nike’s shoes, Nike wouldn’t be a household name for ever.
Theword"drab"inline24isclosestinmeaningt
The word "drab" in line 24 is closest in meaning toA．( precise
B．( poor
C．( simple
D．( dull
BecausethelowlatitudesoftheEarth,thearea
Because the low latitudes of theEarth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat 　　　 Than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, 　　　 Heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat isMoved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in(5)　 the form of latent heat. The term "latent heat" refers to the energy that has to be used to 　　　Convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, 　　　 it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. 　　　 We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster 　　　 than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change (10)　 liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat―supplied by the stove in the first case 　　　 and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the 　　　 atmosphere as latent heat.Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will 　　　 condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.　　　　　 In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’’s incoming energy is used to evaporate (15)　 Water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion 　　　 of the Sun’’s energy.By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the 　　　 globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 　　　 30 percent of the Sun’’s energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it 　　　 can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it (20)　 can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds 　　　 and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere. All of the following words are defined in the passageEXCEPT
A、low latitudes (line)
B．latent heat (line5)

C、evaporate (line7)
D．atmosphere (line140)
Questions11-22Avicolturists,peoplewhorai
Questions 11-22Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learnedhow to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wilD、They continueto look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird’s skin to the top portionof the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. Thistemperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction cancontribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirtare cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottomsections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water.As thewater that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and isheated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubationenvironmentIn artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrotsand incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat theeggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird’s method of naturalincubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold aftereggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material toact as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the woodenbottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point wherethe embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected fromdirect sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extremetemperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secureplace to rest. All of the following are part of a parrot’sincubation methodEXCEPT
A、heating the water vapor as it rises from thebottom of the nest
B．arranging nesting material at the bottom ofthe nest
C．transferring heat from the parent to the topof the eggshell
D．maintaining a constant temperature on theeggshell
New-AgeTransportItlooksasifitcamestraigh
New-Age Transport
It looks as if it came straight from the set of Star Wars. It has four-wheel drive and rises above rocky surfaces. It lowers and raises its nose when going up and down hills.And when it comes to a river, it turns amphibious: two hydrojet power it along by blasting water under its body. There is room for two passengers and a driver, who sit inside a glass bubble operating electronic, aircraft-type controls.A、vehicle so daring on land and water needs windscreen wipers--but it doesn’t have any. Water molecules are disintegrated on the screen’s surface by ultrasonic sensors.
This unusual vehicle is the Racoon. It is an invention not of Hollywood but of Renault, a rather conservative French state-owned car-maker, better known for its family hatchbacks. Renault built the Racoon to explore new freedoms for designers and engineers created by advances in materials and manufacturing processes. Renault is thinking about startlingly different cars; other producers have radical new ideas for trains, boats and aeroplanes.
The first of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided designCAD、systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time,Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. ItsCA
D、system will take care of that.
But Renault is takingCA
D、further. It claims the Racoon is the world’s first vehicle to be designed within the digitised world of virtual reality.Complex programs were used to simulate the vehicle and the terrain that it was expected to cross. This allowed a team led by Patrick G. M. Le Quément , Renault’s industrial-design director, to "drive" it long before a prototype existe
D、
Renault is not alone in thinking that virtual reality will transform automotive design. InDetroit, Ford is also investigating its potential. Jack Turner, the firm’s head of design, would like designers in different parts of the world to work more closely together, linked by computers. They would do more than style cars. Virtual reality will allow engineers to peer inside the working part of a vehicle.Designers will watch beatings move, oil flow, gears mesh and hydraulics pump.As these techniques catch on, even stranger vehicles are likely to come along.
Transforming these creations from virtual reality to actual reality will also become easier, especially with advances in materials. Firms that once bashed everything out of steel now find that new alloys or composite materials (which can be made from mixtures of plastic, resin, ceramics and metals, reinforced with fibres such as glass or carbon) are changing the rules of manufacturing.At the same time, old materials keep getting better, as their producers try to secure their place in the factory of the future.
This competition is increasing the pace of development of all materials.
One company in this field is ScaledComposites.
It was started in 1982 byBurr Rutan, an aviator who has devised many unusual aircraft.
It has also worked on composite sails for theAmerica’sCup yacht race and on General Motors’ Ultralite, a 100-miles per-gallon experimental family car built from carbon fibre.
Again, the Racoon reflects this race between the old and the new. It uses conventional steel and what Renault describes as a new "high-limit elastic steel" in its chassis. This steel is 30% lighter than the usual kin
D、The Racoon also has parts made from c
Accordingtothepassage,whydoantsusediffer
According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromonesA．( To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals
B．( To attract different types of ants
C．( To protect their trail from other species
D．( To indicate how far away the food is
1ThePacificNorthwestcoastofNorthAmericai
1 The Pacific Northwest coast of NorthAmerica is a temperate rain forest, where trees like the red cedar grow straight trunks more than two meters thick at the base and sixty meters high. Western red cedar is often called the canoe cedar because it supplied the native people of the region with the raw material for their seagoing dugout canoes. These extraordinary crafts, as large as twenty meters in length, were fashioned from a single tree trunk and carried as many as forty people on fishing and whaling expeditions into the open ocean.
2 The Haida people from the QueenCharlotte Islands offBritishColumbia were noted for their skill in canoe building.After felling a giant tree with controlled burning, the canoe makers split the log into lengthwise sections with stone wedges. They burned away some of the heartwood, leaving a rough but strong cedar shell. They then carved away wood from the inside, keeping the sections below the waterline thickest and heaviest to help keep the canoe upright in stormy seas. To further enhance the canoe’s stability, they filled the hull with water and heated it to boiling by dropping in hot stones. This rendered the wood temporarily flexible, so the sides of the hull could be forced apart and held with sturdy wooden thwarts, which served as both cross braces and seats. The canoes were often painted with elaborate designs of cultural significance to the tribe.
3The Haida raised canoe building to a high art, designing boats of such beauty and utility that neighboring tribes were willing to exchange quantities of hides, meats, and oils for a Haida canoe. These graceful vessels became the tribe’s chief item of export. In their swift and staunch canoes, the first people of the Northwest were able to take full advantage of the riches provided by the se
A、With harpoons of yew wood, baited hooks of red cedar, and lines of twisted and braided bark fibers, they fished for cod, sturgeon, and halibut, and hunted whales, seals, and sea otters.
Why did the canoe makers keep the sections of the canoe below the waterline thickest and heaviest
A、To prevent the canoe from overturning in rough water
B．To shorten the work of carving wood from the inside
C．To avoid having to paint the bottom of the canoe
D．To make the canoe strong enough to hold forty people
ROADBUILDINGANDTHEAUTOMOBILE1Carregistra
ROAD、BUILDINGAND、TH
E、AUTOMOBILE
1 Car registrations in the United States rose from one million in 1913 to ten million in 1923.By 1927,Americans were driving some twenty-six million automobiles, one car for every five people in the country.Automobile sales in the state of Michigan outnumbered those in GreatBritain and Ireland combineD、For the first time in history, more people lived in cities than on farms, and they were migrating to the city by automobile.
2The automobile was everyAmerican’s idea of freedom, and the construction of hard- surface roads was one of the largest items of government expenditure, often at great cost to everything else. The growth of roads and the automobile industry made cars the lifeblood of the petroleum industry and a major consumer of steel. The automobile caused expansions in outdoor recreation, tourism, and related industries--service stations, roadside restaurants, and motels.After 1945, the automobile industry reached new heights, and new roads led out of the city to the suburbs, where two-car families transported children to new schools and shopping malls.
3In 1956Congress passed the Interstate HighwayAct, the peak of a half-century of frenzied road building at government expense and the largest public works program in history. The result was a network of federally subsidized highways connecting major urban centers. The interstate highways stretchedAmerican mobility to new distances, and two-hour commutes, traffic jams, polluted cities, andDisneyland became standard features of life. Like almost everything else in the 1950s, the construction of interstate highways was justified as a national defense measure.
4The federal government guaranteed the predominance of private transportation. Since the 1950s, 75 percent of federal funds for transportation has been spent on highways, while a scant one percent has gone to buses, trains, or subways.Even before the interstate highway system was built, theAmerican bias was clear, which is why the United States has the world’s best road system and nearly its worst public transit system.
Which sentence bestdescribes road building in the 1940s and 1950sA．It was the last public works project funded by the federal government.

B、It cost more money than the government spent on national defense.
C．It produced a network of highways that favored large cities and suburbs.
D．It led to an increase in the demand for better public transit systems.