Pewter,_______foreatinganddrinkingutensi
Pewter, _______ for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America, is about ninety percent tin, which copper or bismuth added for hardness. A．was widely used
B．widely used it
C．widely used
D．which widely usedA．HowthePresidentproposesnewlaws.B．Howab
A、How the President proposes new laws.
B．How a bill is passed by lawmakers inCongress.
C、How the President can reject a proposed law.
D．How lawmakers can force the President to sign a bill.THEFIVE—SEVENSHIFT1Allmajortheoriesofchi
THE、FIVE—SEVEN SHIFT
1 All major theories of child psychology state that children undergo a major change between the ages of five and seven. In classical learning theory, this is a time when the simplest forms of learning give way to learning that involves more complex mental processes.According to psychologist Jean Piaget, the period from five to seven years old is a transition to operational thought, when children are able to move beyond using only their senses toward using a new set of rational-thinking skills.Because several cognitive changes occur in children between ages five and seven, this period is called the five-seven shift. The shift is biological in nature and involves fundamental growth in the brain and stabilization of brain-wave rhythms into a basically adult pattern. The five-seven shift involves many physical changes, such as the loss of the "baby teeth" and an increase in the rates of height acquired and weight gaineD、
2 By the time they are five years old, children can understand and use symbols. They have developed the ability to use words, gestures, and pictures to stand for "real life" objects, and they are skilled in deploying various symbol systems, such as language or drawing. However, a five-year-old child is able to focus attention on only one quality of an object at a time, such as the object’s size or shape. The use of symbolization continues to evolve, reaching a peak around the age of seven or eight, when children become capable of concrete operations. When this happens, they can solve problems by using rational thought to make generalizations from their own experience.
3 By the age of seven or eight, a new set of abilities allows children to reason systematically about the world of objects, quantity, time, space, and causality.According to Piaget, this is because an "extra card" is added to the child’s mental "computer" during the five-seven shift. The development of operational thought enables the child to appreciate the relations among a series of actions upon objects. For example, the child understands that a scene can be viewed from a different perspective and still contain the same elements. The child also understands that objects can be rearranged and still have the same quantity and that a substance can be changed in shape without its mass or volume being affecteD、
4Piaget discovered the most widely known hallmark of the five-seven shift, an understanding of conservation, the idea that some properties stay the same despite changes in appearance. In one of Piaget’s classic experiments on the conservation of quantity, the experimenter shows children of different ages two straight rows of coins, each with six coins pressed close together, beside each other on a table. The experimenter asks each child subject whether both rows have the same number of coins or whether one row has more. Then the experimenter spreads out the coins of one row to make the line look longer. The child must now say whether one row has more coins. Children younger than five years old cannot understand conservation, so they invariably say that the spread-out row has more coins than the other row.
5Like most age-related tasks for children, there are other ways to set up the task. In a similar experiment, water is poured into two identical glasses until the child subject agrees that each contains an equal amount. Then the experimenter pours water from one of these glasses into a tall, thin glass.At that point, the child is asked whether one glass has more water than the other. Five-year-old children will say that there is more water in the tall, thin glass. When asked why they think that, many will confidently say, "Because it’s taller." Older children, however, are likely to reply, "It looks like there’s more water in this one because it’s taller, but they’re really the same." Such expElementaryschoolsintheUnitedstatesprovid
Elementary schools in the United states provide formal education __________ arithmetic, science, social science, and communication skills that including reading, writing, spelling, and speaking.
A、such subjects as basic in
B．as basic subjects in such
C．in such basic subjects as
D．as in such basic subjectsThephrase"teemingwith"inline2isclosestin
The phrase "teeming with "in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a) full of(b) developing into(c) resistant to(d) hurt byA．Sheisnotsurehowlongittakestoknitasweat
A、She is not sure how long it takes to knit a sweater.
B．She will make a sweater for the man.
C．The wool she uses for her sweaters has gotten very expensive.
D．Her academic schedule does not allow time for knitting.A．Hehasn’treadthecommittee’sreportyetB．H
A、He hasn’t read the committee’s report yet
B．He’ll encourage the committee to finish the report soon.
C．The committee took longer to finish the report than expected
D．The committee’s report contains mistakes(a)Lookupsomeinformationabouthismedicine
(a) Look up some information about his medicine(b) Take an extra dose of his medicine(c)Ask his doctor to change his prescription(d)Begin to do research for his lab projectItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatterra-c
It can be inferred from the passage that terra-cotta had which of the following advantages"A．( It did not break during the firing process
B．( It was less expensive than other available materials
C．( Its surface had a lasting shine
D．( It could be used for many purposes____1810,water-poweredtextilemanufacturi
____ 1810, water-powered textile manufacturing arrived in New Hampshire with the founding of a company in Manchester that manufactured cotton and wool.
A、Early
B．In the early
C．As early as
D．When earlyWhowerethedesignersofthebuildingssincear
Who were the designers of the buildings since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies
A、Amateur designers and carpenters.
B．Architecture professors.
C．Architects and designers.
D．Building companies.A．HerlabnotesB．AmedicalreferencebookC．Ah
A、Her lab notes
B．
A、medical reference book
C．
A、homework assignment
D．The name of her doctorLECTURETHREEArchaeology1.荷马史诗伊利亚特里的故事是经过
LECTURE、THREEArchaeology1.荷马史诗伊利亚特里的故事是经过人们代代口口相传下来的2.因此人们好奇是否真的存在特洛伊战争和特洛伊城3.老师说伊利亚特的事是假的，比如不会有人飞在天上去救受伤的士兵4.但也有人认为荷马史诗是真实的，然后举例说明某个人去找了特洛伊城5.但是被烧毁后，这又激励了另一个叫Author WwanMountainClimbingMountainclimbing,orascen
MountainClimbing
Mountain climbing, or ascending mountains, is popular worldwide, wherever hills rise high enough to provide a challenge. The activity’s rewards include the physical exercise it provides, the satisfaction of overcoming difficulties by working with others, the thrill of reaching a summit, and the unobstructed views from a mountaintop.Exploration and research are other reasons that people climb mountains. Since ancient times, people have viewed mountain peaks as towering objects of myth, spiritual inspiration, and romantic beauty.Early peoples made ascents only to hunt game, to rescue lost or strayed animals, or to gain a military advantage over an enemy.Eventually, the unknown and inaccessible peaks ceased to be feared and avoided, and the conquest of the major mountain peaks and ranges of the world began. Mountaineering as a sport was born onAugust 8,1786. Since that ascent, mountain climbing has evolved into three related sports: alpine climbing, ice climbing, and rock climbing. These sports require the same fundamental techniques.
The style of alpinism or alpine climbing encompasses much of the basic climbing techniques, equipment, and safety precautions that form the basis for ice climbing and rock climbing.Alpine climbing began in theEuropeanAlps in the late 18th century and is now practiced in all mountain ranges of the worlD、Alpine climbing involves the continuous ascent of a mountain peak over a period of one to several days by a team of at least two alpinists. Teams may consist of as many as four climbers. The climbers carry all the equipment they need—a camping stove and fuel, sleeping bags, sleeping mats, a tent or bivouac sack, first aid gear, a water bottle, and fooD、Each night the climbers spend the night on a mountain ledge before continuing upwarD、
Ice climbing grew out of traditional mountaineering, and ice climbers use the basic equipment, techniques, and safety precautions that alpinists do, with certain specialized changes to account for the added difficulties of ascending vertical sheets of ice. For example,Eckenstein’s ten-point crampons enabled mountaineers to ascend more difficult and steeper climbs over icy routes.A、[■]Ice climbers later created more radically drooped ice axe picks and ergonomically designed ice axe shafts, allowing them to venture onto continuously vertical, and even overhanging, frozen waterfalls.
In the early 20th century, French and German mountaineers sought out new challenges by training on cliffs and boulders near their homes.B、[■]The earliest documented rock climb done for sport was the 35-m high Nape’s Needle in the LakeDistrict ofEnglanD、C、[■]Climbing areas may be relatively small crags of rock, large canyon sidewalls, or immense mountain faces.D、[■]Granite, limestone, sandstone, metamorphosed schist, and gneiss are the five most popular rock types for climbing.
In recent years, well-publicized successes and tragedies in mountaineering activities and improvements in climbing equipment have given rise to an increased number of mountain climbers worldwide. The sport’s popularity has led some countries to require mountaineers to purchase climbing permits. Himalayan expeditions must also pay an environmental bond to guarantee that they will remove all of their waste at the conclusion of their trip.
Environmental protection efforts are underway at many rock climbing areas to ease ecological strains on popular areas. Local climbers participate in an annual cleanup day to maintain approach trails, wash gymnastic chalk off the rock, and pick up litter. TheAccess Fund is the national organization that helps climbers gain access to climbing areas and also assists with environmental problems associated with cliffs in the United States.
Beginning in the 1980s indoor rock-climbing gyms have played a key role in introducing large numbers ofTOEFLReadingPassage1TwoTypesofSocialGrou
TOEFL Reading Passage 1
Two Types of Social Groups
1. One of the most basic elements of human life is the way in which we form social groups and interact with the members of those groups.According to sociologists, no one is ever entirely separate from the social networks that surround him or her, and the groups we belong to play an enormous role in determining how we see ourselves and our worlD、EarlyAmerican sociologistCharles H.Cooley(1864-1929) defined two principal categories of human groupings, and his ideas are still widely accepted today. He termed them primary and secondary, based on the kinds of relationships individuals in the group share with each other.
2. In primary groups, we form whatCooley referred to as primary relationships. These are marked by strong, long-lasting emotional ties, feelings of intimacy and genuine concern for the well-being of the other person or people. Intangible items, such as love, respect, and support, are exchanged by individuals in primary groups, causing them to feel nurtured by the relationships the group affords them. Participation in the group is therefore seen as its own reward; there is no concrete, external goal that members are working towards.
3.Due to the time and effort it takes to build such close bonds, primary groups are typically small. Some prominent examples given byCooley include families, groups of childhood friends, and the tight-knit communities adults enter into with their neighbors or other close peers. In the view ofCooley and later sociologists, it is the primary group that is most important in the development of an individual’s personal beliefs and values, and assists that person with his or her integration into society at large.
4. Secondary groups, in contrast, are characterized by the lack of intimate relationships among their members. These secondary relationships involve less personal interaction and weaker emotional connections, and therefore they do not have as significant an impact on the development of an individual’s worldview. In addition, since ties between individuals are not as strong, many secondary groups either exist for only a short time before dissolving, or experience frequent changes in membership.
5. Secondary groups can be quite large.A、company’s employees, a university’s student body, and even a country’s citizens are all examples of secondary groups.The items individuals exchange are usually tangible in nature, such as the labor provided in return for wages in the case of a commercial organization.
Most notably, though, the reason that secondary groups form in the first place is to accomplish a specific task. Employees participate in the secondary group of their company with the intention of creating a product or service, as well as to receive pay.
lf the group fails to achieve its goal, it will most likely cease to exist.
6.Cooley believed that both primary and secondary groups are universal to human societies. While modern sociologists agree with this, they have also observed that the ratio of primary to secondary groups varies according to the level of a society’s technological development. In less-developed nations, individuals spend most of their lives in a single location with prolonged exposure to a certain group of people.This enables them to develop close bonds more easily, so primary groups are commonplace.Developed countries, on the other hand, have witnessed an increase in secondary groups at the expense of primary groups. The fast pace, widespread technology and diversity of life in these societies mak1Thehumanearcontainstheorganforhearingan
1The human ear contains the organ for hearing and the organ for balance.Both organs involve fluid-filled channels containing hair cells that produce electrochemical impulses when the hairs are stimulated by moving fluiD、
2The ear can be divided into three regions: outer, middle, and inner. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them to the eardrum separating the outer ear from the middle ear. The middle ear conducts sound vibrations through three small bones to the inner ear. The inner ear is a network of channels containing fluid that moves in response to sound or movement.
3To perform the function of hearing, the ear converts the energy of pressure waves moving through the air into nerve impulses that the brain perceives as sounD、Vibrating objects, such as the vocal cords of a speaking person, create waves in the surrounding air. These waves cause the eardrum to vibrate with the same frequency. The three bones of the middle ear amplify and transmit the vibrations to the oval window, a membrane on the surface of the cochlea, the organ of hearing. Vibrations of the oval window produce pressure waves in the fluid inside the cochleA、Hair cells in the cochlea convert the energy of the vibrating fluid into impulses that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain.
4The organ for balance is also located in the inner ear. Sensations related to body position are generated much like sensations of sounD、Hair cells in the inner ear respond to changes in head position with respect to gravity and movement. Gravity is always pulling down on the hairs, sending a constant series of impulses to the brain. When the position of the head changes--as when the head bends forward--the force on the hair cells changes its output of nerve impulses. The brain then interprets these changes to determine the head’s new position.
What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about gravityA．Gravity has an essential role in the sense of balance.
B．The ear converts gravity into sound waves in the air.
C．Gravity is a force that originates in the human ear.
D．The organ for hearing is not subject to gravity.NewHousingPolicyTheuniversityadministrat
New Housing Policy
The university administrators have decided to require all undergraduates to live on campus. This is because many beds have been vacated since senior students have moved out of the campus.Demanding all undergraduates to live on campus can help increase the school’s income. On the other hand, school activities will become more accessible if students could live on campus. If approved by a vote of the administration, the new requirement will become effective in the fal semester.
Question: The woman expresses her opinion towards the university’s decision to require all students to live on campus. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Yourschoolhasenoughmoneytopurchaseeither
Your school has enough money to purchase either computers for students or books for the library.Which should your school choose to buy--computers or books Use specific reasons and examples to support your recommendation.GeothermalEnergyGeothermalenergyisnatura
GeothermalEnergy
Geothermal energy is natural heat from the interior of theEarth that is converted to heat buildings and generate electricity. The idea of harnessingEarth’s internal heat is not new.As early as 1904, geothermal power was used in Italy. Today,Earth’s natural internal heat is being used to generate electricity in 21 countries, including Russia, Japan, New Zealand, Iceland, Mexico,Ethiopia, Guatemala,E1 Salvador, the Philippines, and the United States. Total worldwide production is approaching 9,000 MW (equivalent to nine large modern coal-burning or nuclear power plants)--double the amount in 1980. Some 40 million people today receive their electricity from geothermal energy at a cost competitive with that of other energy sources. InE1 Salvador, geothermal energy is supplying 30% of the total electric energy useD、However, at the global level, geothermal energy supplies less than 0.15% of the total energy supply.
Geothermal energy may be considered a nonrenewable energy source when rates of extraction are greater than rates of natural replenishment. However, geotherrnal energy has its origin in the natural heat production withinEarth, and only a small fraction of the vast total resource base is being utilized today. Although most geothermal energy production involves the tapping of high heat sources, people are also using the low-temperature geothermal energy of groundwater in some applications.
Geothermal Systems
The average heat flow from the interior of theEarth is very low, about 0.06 W/m2. 
This amount is trivial compared with the 177 W/m2 from solar heat at the surface in the United States. However, in some areas, heat flow is sufficiently high to be useful for producing energy. For the most part, areas of high heat flow are associated with plate tectonic boundaries. Oceanic ridge systems (divergent plate boundaries) and areas where mountains are being uplifted and volcanic island arcs are forming (convergent plate boundaries are areas where this natural heat flow is anomalously high.
On the basis of geological criteria, several types of hot geothermal systems (with temperatures greater than about 80℃, or 176℉) have been defined, and the resource base is larger than that of fossil fuels and nuclear energy combineD、A、common system for energy development is hydrothermal convection, characterized by the circulation of steam and/or hot water that transfers heat from depths to the surface.
GeothermalEnergy and theEnvironment
The environmental impact of geothermal energy may not be as extensive as that of other sources of energy, but it can be considerable. When geothermal energy is developed at a particular site, environmental problems include on-site noise, emissions of gas, and disturbance of the land at drilling sites, disposal sites, roads and pipelines, and power plants.Development of geothermal energy does not require large-scale transportation of raw materials or refining of chemicals, as development of fossil fuels does. Furthermore, geothermal energy does not produce the atmospheric pollutants associated with burning fossil fuels or the radioactive waste associated with nuclear energy. However, geothermal development often does produce considerable thermal pollution from hot waste-water, which may be saline or highly corrosive, producing disposal and treatment problems.
Geothermal power is not very popular in some locations among some people. For instance, geothermal energy has been produced for years on the island of Hawaii, where active volcanicA．Toexplainhowwindscauseturbiditycurrent
A、To explain how winds cause turbidity currents.
B．To remind the student where ocean sediments originate.
C．To explain the effects of turbidity currents.
D．To remind the student about the next assignment.