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Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be{{U}} (56) {{/U}}in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes{{U}} (57) {{/U}}when we realize how much time we{{U}} (58) {{/U}}surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be{{U}} (59) {{/U}}attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect{{U}} (60) {{/U}}place to be appropriate to its use. You would be{{U}} (61) {{/U}}if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look{{U}} (62) {{/U}}the inside of a restaurant.And you wouldn’t feel{{U}} (63) {{/U}}in a business office that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important{{U}} (64) {{/U}}is the function of the particular{{U}} (65) {{/U}}. For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and{{U}} (66) {{/U}}few entries and exits will not work for{{U}} (67) {{/U}}purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be{{U}} (68) {{/U}}. Nevertheless, it is not easy to make suitable{{U}} (69) {{/U}}for different kinds of space, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. {{U}} (70) {{/U}}addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture according to the functions that need to be serveD、 |
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Doctors inBritain are warning of all obesity time bomb, when children who are already overweight grow up. So, what should we doExercise moreEat less Or both The government feels it has to take responsibility for this expanding problem. The cheerful Mr. Pickwick, the hero of the novel byCharlesDickens, is seen in illustrations as someone who is plump (胖乎乎的) and happy. In 18th century paintings beauty is equated with rounded bodies and soft curves.But nowadays being overweight is seen as indicating neither a cheerful character nor beauty but an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. So what do you doDiet Not according toEngland’s chief medical officer, Sir LiamDonaldson. He says that physical activity is the key for reducing the risks of obesity, cancer and heart disease.And the Health Secretary John Reid even said that being inactive is as serious a risk factor in heart disease as smoking. So, having bought some cross trainers, how much exercise should you doAccording to Sir LiamDonaldson, at least 30 minutes of moderate activity five days a week. Is going to the gym the answer Luckily for those who find treadmills (跑步机) tedious, the HealthDevelopmentAgency believes that physical activity that fits into people’s lives may be more effective. They suggest taking the stairs rather than the lift, walking up escalators, playing active games with your children, dancing or gardening.And according to a sports psychologist, ProfessorBiddle,gyms are not making the nation fit’, and may even cause harm. There’s new scientific evidence that too much exercise may actually be bad for you.Scientists at the University of Ulster have found that unaccustomed exercise releases dangerous free radicals that can adversely affect normal function in unfit people. The only people who should push their bodies to that level of exercise on a regular basis are trained athletes. So, should we forget about gyms and follow some experts’ advice to increase exercise in our daily lifeAfter all, getting off the bus a stop early and walking the rest of the way can’t do any harm! One final thought. How come past generations lacked gym facilities but were leaner and fitter than people today |
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Inflation is a period of rapid rises in prices. When your money buys fewer goods so that you get {{U}} (56) {{/U}} for the same amount of money as before, inflation is the problem. Sometimes people describe inflation as a time when "a dollar is not {{U}} (57) {{/U}} a dollar anymore". Inflation is a problem for all consumers, especially people who live on a fixed income. Retired people, for instance, cannot {{U}} (58) {{/U}} on an increase in income as prices rise. They face serious problems in stretching their incomes to {{U}} (59) {{/U}} their needs in time of inflation. Many retired people must cut their spending to {{U}} (60) {{/U}} rising prices. In many cases they must stop {{U}} (61) {{/U}} some necessary items, such as food and clothing.Even {{U}} (62) {{/U}} working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can also be a problem. The {{U}} (63) {{/U}} of living goes up, and they must have even more money to maintain their standard of living. When incomes do not keep {{U}} (64) {{/U}} with rising prices, living standard goes down. People may be earning the same amount of money, but they are not living {{U}} (65) {{/U}} because they are not able to buy as many goods and services. Government units gather information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes {{U}} (66) {{/U}} the rate of price change can be determineD、A、price index measures changes in prices using the price for a {{U}} (67) {{/U}} year as the base. The base price is set {{U}} (68) {{/U}} 100, and the other prices are reported as a {{U}} (69) {{/U}} of the base price.A、price index makes {{U}} (70) {{/U}} possible to compare current price with that in previous years. |
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One of the most widely discussed subjects these days is. energy crisis.Automobile drivers cannot get gasoline; homeowners may not get enough heating oil; factories are{{U}} (56) {{/U}}by a fuel shortage. The crisis has{{U}} (57) {{/U}}questions about the large oil companies and windfall{{U}} (58) {{/U}}.Critics of the oil industry charge that the major companies are getting richer because of the oil shortage. Shortage, of course, drives prices up.As oil prices rise, the critics say, the oil companies will make more money (windfall profits) without doing a thing to{{U}} (59) {{/U}}the extra cash. "Windfall" profits are sudden unearned profits--profits made{{U}} (60) {{/U}}luck, or some special turn of events. The word itself tells what "windfall" means--something blown down by the wind, such as trees, or fruit{{U}} (61) {{/U}}from trees.But the word has taken on a special meaning. This meaning (getting something unearned) was first used in medievalEnglanD、 This is{{U}} (62) {{/U}}it started: at that time much of the land was in the hands of{{U}} (63) {{/U}}barons. The rest of the people, commoners, lived and worked on their vast estates. They planted the seed, cared for the farm animals and harvested the crops. Not all the land, however, was used for farming.Every baron kept a large private forest for{{U}} (64) {{/U}}deer and wild bear. When hungry, the people sometimes would kill the animals in the lord’s forest for fooD、And there were times{{U}} (65) {{/U}}they might cut down trees for fuel. So, strong laws were passed to protect the forests, and the animals. Violations were severely{{U}} (66) {{/U}}. But there was one way people could get wood from the forest. If they found trees blown down by the wind ("windfall") they were free to take them for use as fuel in their homes.And that is the meaning that has come down to us--something good gotten by luck or{{U}} (67) {{/U}}. The common people of oldEngland, often hungry and cold, must often have prayed for a good strong winD、Critics today{{U}} (68) {{/U}}that the oil industry has also been praying for something just like it --some political or military{{U}} (69) {{/U}}that might produce a windfall--a rise in oil prices and profits. The oil companies deny that this is so. InCongress, critics of the oil companies have proposed a{{U}} (70) {{/U}}on such profits. The debate on rising oil price will go on for some time, and most likely we will hear more and more about windfall profits. |
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Architects are hopeless when it comes to deciding whether the public will view their designs as marvels or monstrosities, according to a study byCanadian psychologists. They say designers should go back to school to learn about ordinary people’s tastes. Many buildings that appeal to architects get the thumbs down from the publiC、Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria inBritishColumbia decided to find out whether architects understand public preferences and simply disagree with them, or fail to understand the lay person’s view. With his colleague GrahamBrown, he asked 25 experienced architects to look at photos of 42 large buildings in the US,Canada,Europe and Hong Kong. The architects predicted how the public would rate the buildings on a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 represented "terrible” and 10"excellent".A、further 27 people who were not architects also scored the buildings out of 10. In addition, eight architects gave their own personal ratings of the buildings. The three groups tended to agree among themselves on a building’s merits.And architects correctly predicted that lay people would on average rate buildings higher than they did themselves.But for individual buildings, the architects’ perceptions of what the lay people would think were often way off the mark. "Some architects are quite good at predicting lay preferences, but others are not only poor at it, they get it backwards,” says GilforD、 For instance, architects gave the Stockley ParkBuildingB-3 offices in London a moderate rating of 5.2. They thought the public would like it much better, predicting a rating of 6.3.But the public actually disliked the offices, and gave it 4.7. Gifford thinks that lay people respond to specific features of buildings, such as durability and originality, and hopes to pin down what they are. "Architects in architecture school need to be taught how lay people think about buildings," Gifford concludes. He doesn’t think designers should pander to the lowest common denominator, but suggests they should aspire towards buildings that appeal to the public and architects alike, such as theBank ofChina building in Hong Kong. Marco Goldschmeid of the Richard Rogers Partnership, designers of the MillenniumDome in London, thinks the study is flaweD、"The authors have assumed, wrongly, that buildings can be meaningfully judged from photographs rather than actual visits," he says. Goldschmeid thinks it would be more significant and interesting to look at the divergence of public taste between generations. |
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