Beforethe1850’stheUnitedStateshadanumber
Before the 1850’s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.
ThroughoutEurope, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developeD、The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand youngAmericans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable (受人尊敬的) colleges—Harvard, Yale,Columbia—and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher scholars.Drilling and learning by rote (死记硬背) were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduceD、With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.
At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and musiC、The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emergeD、The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the worlD、Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.
Why manyAmerican students decided to study aboardA．Because thousands of youngAmericans wanted to go to Germany to study.
Because youngAmericans were not satisfied with their school system in the USA、
C．BecauseAmerican professors were not as good as those abroaD、
D．BecauseEuropean universities were not connected with churches.{{B}}PartⅣCloze{{/B}}Directions:Inthispa
{{B}}Part ⅣCloze{{/B}}
Directions: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are four choices markedA,B,
C、andD、A．captive
Michael Jordan was born inBrooklyn, New York, the fourth of five children born to the family. Long before his basketball {{U}} (65) {{/U}} emerged, young Michael liked to play baseball with his father.As a teenager, Jordan became {{U}} (66) {{/U}} in NorthCarolina for his baseball skills, and he was named most {{U}} (67) {{/U}} player after his team won the state championship.
When Jordan joined the NBA、in 1984, basketball’s popularity was already {{U}} (68) {{/U}}.But observers believe that Jordan was the {{U}} (69) {{/U}} force that kept basketball’s appeal fresh. TheBulls’ {{U}} (70) {{/U}} of the NBA、under Jordan’s leadership captured the imagination of many people, and his athletic skills, and {{U}} (71) {{/U}} drive created new basketball fans as few other players have.
Jordan’s popularity has spread well {{U}} (72) {{/U}} scoring titles, championships, and other aspects of the NBA、He has become one of the most-recognized individuals in the worlD、Jordan has been especially {{U}} (73) {{/U}} in the sportswear industry, {{U}} (74) {{/U}} Nike’s introduction of the famous line ofAir Jordan basketball shoes in 1984. The partnership between Jordan and Nike became {{U}} (75) {{/U}} successful that, before the 1997-98 season, Nike created a separate business unit known as the JORDAN brand to market footwear and apparel that Jordan himself helped design.
B．cautious
C、collective
D．competitiveThegovernmenthasapolicyoffosteringthepub
The government has a policy of fostering the public awareness of the dangers in smoking.A．encouraging
B．discovering
C．hindering
D．emphasizing下图中PP为某个国家的生产可能性曲线，U为一条效用曲线。请根据图回答：获得最大效
下图中PP 为某个国家的生产可能性曲线，U 为一条效用曲线。请根据图回答：
获得最大效用的产出组合为哪个点？{{B}}PassageOne{{/B}}Mysurpriseoverthepa
{{B}}Passage One{{/B}}Which of the following is NOT true of the visiting childrenA．They behave very well.
The first sign of my parents’ change is the delight they take in visiting toy and children’s clothing stores. These two people, who usually dislike anything having to do with shopping malls, become crazy consumers. While they tell me to budget my money and shop wisely, they are buying up every doll and dump truck in sight.And this is only the beginning of the holidays!
When my brother’s children arrive, Grandpa and Grandma come into full form. First they throw out all ideas about a balanced diet for the grandkids. While we were raised in a house where everyone had to take two bites of corn, beets (甜菜) , or liver (foods that appeared quite often on our table despite constant complaining), the grandchildren never have to eat anything that does not appeal to them. Grandma carries chocolate in her pockets to bribe (贿赂) the littlest ones into following her around the house, while Grandpa offers "surprises" of candy and cake to them all day long.Boxes of chocolate-pie disappear while the whole-wheat bread get hard and stale. The kids love all the sweets, and when the sugar raises their energy levels, Grandma and Grandpa can always decide to leave and do a bit more shopping or go to bed while my brother and sister-in-law try to deal with their highly active kids.
Once the grandchildren have arrived, Grandma and Grandpa also seem to forget all of the responsibility lectures I so often hear in my daily life. If Mickey screams at his sister during dinner, he is "developing his own personality"; if Nancy breaks Grandma’s mirror, she is "just a curious child".But, if I track mud into the house while helping to unload groceries, I become "careless"; if I scold one of the grandkids for tearing pages out of my textbook, I am" impatient". If Paula talks back to her mother, Grandma and Grandpa smile at her spirit. If I say one word about all of this excessive love, Mom andDad reappear to have a talk with me about petty jealousies.
B．They like chocolate very much.
C．They receive toys from their grandparents.
D．They are having a lot of fun.AccordingtotheU.S.NationalHighwayTraffic
According to the U. S. National Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration (NHTSA、, car crashes are the leading cause of death among children between 5 and 14 years of age. Says NHTSA、" (61) 50% of children who die in crashes are unrestraineD、In addition, 4 out of 5 children are (62) restraineD、"
The NHTS
A、offers a number of safety (63) and cautions for those who are accompanied by children while driving. (64) laws vary from country to country and even from state to state, these guidelines may serve as food for (65) to many parents and guardians of children.
The safest place for all children is in the back seat. Infants should be placed in a rear-facing child safety seat in the baekseat of the car.
A、child (66) a year old and weighing at least 20 pounds may be placed in a forward-facing seat.At 40 pounds, the child can use a "booster seat(儿童案例椅) ", (67) is secured by one of the car’s lap and shoulder belts.At approximately 80 pounds and a (68) of about four feet nine inches, the child may begin using an adult safety strap.
Children should not sit in the front passenger seat (69) they are at least 13 years of age. Front- passenger air bags can cause serious (70) to younger children and babies.
When a booster seat is used, a lap belt alone will not provide (71) protection if the booster seat does not have a (72) .
Do not think that a shoulder belt alone will protect a small child; in the (73) of a crash, the belt may (74) the neck of the child, causing serious injury or even death.
Follow instructions closely when (75) and using child seats.According to NHTSA, "even the ’safest’ seat may not protect your child if it isn’t used correctly. \
A、where
B．which
C．that
D．when{{B}}PassageFour{{/B}}Americanculturehas
{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}The phrase "keeping up with the Jones" in Paragraph 2 means ______A．working as hard as the Jones
Still, most of the changes inAmerican culture over the last century have come from within, as the result of inventions and discoveries.And change has been dramatiC、One hundred years ago the United States was largely a nation of farmers. Many of the things we take for granted today- a high school education, for example, or indoor plumbing—were luxuries then. The moon was a light for lovers, not a site for scientific exploration; genetic engineering (基因工程) was not even a subject for science fiction, much less for laboratory research and corporate investments. The decades following the Second World War, in particular, were characterized by spectacular scientific and technological advances, national self-confidence, optimism, and (for manyAmericans) prosperity. TheAmerican economy was the strongest in the world: more goods were produced and sold, more people were working, and the standard of living was higher than ever before. Polls (民意调查) taken in the 1950s and 1960s show that the averageAmerican was preoccupied with the questions "will I make a good living "Will I be successful " and "Will I raise successful, happy children " Success was defined in terms of maintaining a stable family and "keeping up with the Jones". MostAmericans believed that if they played by the rules--if they work hard and did what was expected, if they sacrificed their own needs to those of their family and their employer--they would be rewarded with an ever-increasing standard of living, a devoted spouse, and decent children.An expensive car, a suburban home, and children in college were tangible (可触知的) signs that hard work and self-sacrifice paid off.
B．trying to get whatever Jones have
C．setting up an ideal
D．making enough money to support the familyYourgradewillbebasedinlargepartontheorig
Your grade will be based in large part on the originality of your ideas. A．creativity
B．popularity
C．feasibility
D．flexibility
{{B}}PassageOne{{/B}}Itmaylooklikejustan
{{B}}Passage One{{/B}}According to Thibaut, it is possible ______.A．for children to take advantage of their parents by using a foreign language
Children as young as few months are exposed to French and Spanish before many of them can even speakEnglish.Educators use special songs and visual (视觉的) aids to ensure that when a child is ready to talk, the languages will not be so foreign. "Children have a unique capacity to learn many languages at the same time," said Thibaut. "Already at nine months, a child can tell the differences between the sounds he or she has heard since birth and the sounds he or she has never heard yet." Thibaut says the best time to expose children to language is from birth to 3 years olD、For the last 30 years, the school has been using what it caus the Thibarut Technique, a system that combines language lessons with child’s play.
"I always wanted to learn Spanish, but by the time I got to high school it was too late to pick it up and speak fluently," said Marc Lazare, who enrolled his son at the school. "I figured at this age, two, it’s a perfect time for him to learn."
Aside from learning a language, the kids also gain a tremendous sense of confidence. One young student boasted that aside from French, she can speak five languages (though that included "monkey" and "lion"). The school gives children the tools to communicate, and sometimes that gives them an advantage over their parents. "I think they sometimes speak French when they think ! won’t understand them," said parent Foster Gibbons.
Depending on the age group, classes run from 45 minute up to 2 hours.Even when students are not in class, the program is designed to make sure the learning continues at home. Tapes and books are included so kids can practice on their own.
B．to expose children to a foreign language after they can speakEnglish
C．to combine language lessons with sports games
D．for children to learn several languages at the same timeThenumberofpermanentcrewontheInternation
The number of permanent crew on the International Space Station will be increased, and possibly doubled, from 2006 by providing it with an extra "lifeboat". The move, announced in Japan last week by the ISS partner nations, means the space station crew will at last be able to do useful scientific research.
The number of crew on the ISS has been limited to three by the capacity of the Russian Soyuz capsules that would return them toEarth in an emergency.But running the ISS requires the full-time attention of more than two crew members, leaving just half the time of one of the crew free for research. This is woefully inadequate, and a NASA-commissioned report concluded in July that no meaningful research is possible with a three-person crew.
NASA、originally planned to replace the Soyuz rescue capsule with a seven-person "crew return vehicle", which would have allowed the ISS to carry a significantly larger permanent crew.But faced with a $ 5 billion budget overrun, the agency cancelled the project last year.
Then last month NASA、announced plans for an orbital spaceplane as a successor to the ageing fleet of space shuttles. This could double as a rescue vehicle for at least six people, but it will not be ready until 2010.
Waiting for the spaceplane could be a big problem as Soyuz capsules have only a six-month lifespan and the Russian agreement to supply them expires in 2006. This could leave a four-year gap with no guaranteed rescue vehicle for the ISS, and hence no crew. Russia has already warned that cash shortages could force it to stop making the capsules.
If the cash can be raised, however, the new plan is to permanently station two Soyuz capsules at the ISS, raising the rescue capacity to six. The ISS’s Russian-built modules have three ports where Soyuz can dock, one of which is usually used for uncrewed cargo modules.
The biggest problem from now to the year 2010 for the ISS lies in that ______.A．Soyuz capsules are not safe enough
B．the ISS will have a 4-year crewless gap
C．more money is needed to maintain the normal operation
D．the ISS partner nations can’t reach agreement during this periodThedefenselawyerwasquestioningtheoldmanw
The defense lawyer was questioning the old man who was one of the ______ of the murder committed last month.A．witnesses
B．audiences
C．viewers
D．observers{{B}}PassageFive{{/B}}Wilmutmaintainstha
{{B}}Passage Five{{/B}}A、philosopher at one research institute argues that ______ .A．humans are no less the sum of their genes than the animals
Why not clone humans as organ donors Theoretically, Wilmut says, there is no reason his techniques couldn’t someday be used to clone people. Think about the possibilities: a whole basketball team of Michael Jordans, a scientific panel ofAlbertEinsteins, a movie starring and co-starringBrad Pitts.
On a more serious note, some experts argue that couples who have difficulty having a baby could make copies of themselves.And parents whose child has a fatal disease like cancer might be able to clone the child, creating a twin who could be a bone-marrow (骨髓) donor.
But even Ian Wilmut draws the line at cloning humans. "All of us would find that offensive," he says. Several countries, includingBritain,Denmark, Germany andAustralia, have made all scientific work on cloning humans illegal. The U.S. has no such law, but PresidentClinton has set up a panel of scientists and philosophers to study the issue. In the meantime,Clinton has imposed a ban on using federal money to clone humans.
Humans are more than the sum of their genes, argues a philosopher at one research institute. Though they look exactly the same, clones are not necessarily exact copies. The younger twin might grow up with different influences—say, unusual friends or special teachers.A、clonedAlbertEinstein might fail his physics class.A、cloned pop star might sing terribly.
Say you were cloneD、Would your twin live a shorter life because he or she started out withDNA、that was already 10, 20 or 30 years old Scientists aren’t sure.And how could you prevent someone from taking a sample of your hair and making a clone of youAgain, no solutions.
What do you think Should scientists be allowed to clone animals How about humans
B．genes cannot alone determine the life of human beings
C．humans are nothing but the sum of their genes
D．genes are the foundation of human lives{{B}}PassageThree{{/B}}Mynewhomewasalong
{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}}The writer applied for the job because ______A．he could no longer afford to live without one
The next day I sat down, with almost a hundred other candidates, for the intelligence test, I must have done all right because after half an hour’s wait I was sent into another room for a psychological test. This time there were only about fifty candidates. The examiner sat at a desk. You were signaled forward to occupy the seat opposite him when the previous occupant had been dismissed, after a greater or shorter time. Obviously the long interviews were the more successful ones. Some of the interviews were as short as five minutes. Mine was the only one that lasted a minute and a half.
I can remember the questions now: "Why did you leave your last job " "Why did you leave your job before that " "And the one before that " I can’t recall my answers, except that they were short at first and grew progressively shorter. His closing statement, I thought, revealed a lack of sensitivity which helped to explain why as a psychologist, he had risen no higher than the underground railway. "You have failed the psychological test and we are unable to offer you a position."
Failing to get that job was my low point. Or so I thought, believing that work was easy.Actually, such jobs--being a postman is another one I still desire--demand exactly the sort of elementary yet responsible awareness that the habitual dreamer is least qualified to give.But I was still far short of full self-understanding. I was also short of cash.
B．he wanted to work in the centre of London
C．he had received suitable training
D．he was not interested in any other available job{{B}}PassageOne{{/B}}Apersonmayhaveanide
{{B}}Passage One{{/B}}A、person who believes in his incompetence will ______.A．make no real efforts
A、person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won’t go at a job with the confidence necessary for success. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.
AlfredAdler, a famous doctor, had and experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetiC、His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn’t it too bad thatAlfred can’t do arithmetic " He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expecteD、
One dayAdler succeeded in solving a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn’t do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he coulD、His new found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetiC、
This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have, and that lack of success is often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one’s ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it the result of lack ability.
B．fail to go at a job
C．show a complete lack of confidence
D．all of the aboveEngineeringstudentsaresupposedtobeexampl
Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment.But that’s not what I diD、
I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts (文科) university that doesn’t even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren’t studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me l was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.
I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering "factories" where they didn’t care if you had values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist (人文学者) all in one.
Now I’m not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do.After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile (协调) engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.
The reality that has blocked my path to becoming the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.
In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected______.A．to have an excellent academic record
B．to be wise and mature
C．to be imaginative with a value system to guide him
D．to be a technical genius with a wide visionThenewtenant(in)theapartmentwas(obviousl
The new tenant (in) the apartment was (obviously) both (suspicious) and interested (in) his neighbors.- A. in
- B. obviously
- C. suspicious
- D. in
Itishardtotrackthebluewhale,theocean’sla
It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean’s largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species.Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior.
So biologists were delighted early this year when with the help of the Navy they were able to track a particular blue whale for 33 days monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navy’s formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.
Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.
Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption (爆发) for the first time and that they plan similar studies. Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures.
The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second—slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patient’s chest to a doctor’s ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can of- ten travel thousands of miles.
It can be inferred from the passage that______.
A、new radio devices should be developed for tracking the endangered blue whales
B．blue whales are no longer endangered with the use of the new listening system
C．opinions differ as to whether civilian scientists should be allowed to use military technology
D．military technology has great potential in civilian useVisitingaNationalParkcanberelaxing,inspi
Visiting a National Park can be relaxing, inspiring, but it can also be disturbing.As you drive into Rocky Mountain National Park, you will see starving elk, damaged mead ows and dying forests. Our parks are growing old because we have mistakenly protected them from natural processes, such as fire, predation, and insects. We believed that we were saving these remnants of wildAmerica, but actually we have "protected" them to death. If we want to save our National Parks, the National Park Service must change its management priorities to prevent over population of animals and to restore natural process in the forest in order to prevent their stagnation and "death" by old age. We must act soon: our parks are dying of old age because we have altered the forces in nature that keep them young and strong.
By tracing the history of our National Parks, we can understand the problem and see why we need active management. In the early part of the 20th century, settlers exploited wildlife heavily, resulting in neat-extinction of many species. Therefore, several National Parks were established byCongress primarily to save endangered animals. However, stricter wildlife protection laws and improved wildlife management techniques resulted in greater populations of animals overcrowding in areas of high concentration, such as the Yellowstone elk herds.Complicating the problem, the National Park Service in the early part of the 20th century adopted a policy of aggressive predator elimination, thus reducing natural wildlife population control. Subsequently, elk and deer populations exploded in many National Parks, resulting in severe damage to native vegetation. Vigorous forest fire and insect suppression in the National Parks throughout the 20th century further altered the natural environment by allowing forests to over-mature, without natural thinning processes. Park managers thought that they were protecting the land, but actually they were removing important controls from the forest ecosystems.
Clearly, we must act immediately if we want to pass down to our children and grandchildren the green legacy of our National Parks; we must step in and restore the natural processes which we have altered through our well-intentioned, but misguided, policies in the past.
According to the article, strict wildlife protection laws and improved wildlife management techniques
A、caused the near extinction of the endangered animals
B．intervened the natural process
C、made the visit of National Parks relaxing, and inspiring and rejuvenating
D．saved the elks in the Rocky Mountain Park from starvationOccasionallystudentsaregivenapassagethat
Occasionally students are given a passage that seems unintelligible to teachers of English.A．incredible
B．incomprehensible
C．inevitable
D．inconsiderateFromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageas
From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first (61) , they were like newborn children, unable to use this (62) tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kind’s future (63) and cultural growth increaseD、
Many linguists believe that evolution is (64) for our ability to produce and use language. They (65) that our highly evolved brain provides us (66) an innate language ability not found in lower (67) . Proponents of this innateness theory say that our (68) for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, (69) a function of the growth of the brain during childhooD、Therefore there are critical (70) times for language development.
Current (71) of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. (72) , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in (73) grades. Young children often can learn several languages by being (74) to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the (75) of their first language have become firmly fixeD、
A．as
B．just as
C．like
D．unlike