【单选题】whilE FAshion is thought oF usuAlly in rElAtion to Clothing,it is importAnt to rEAlizE thAt it CovErs A muCh wiDEr DomAin. it is to BE FounD in mAnnErs,thE Arts,litErAturE,AnD philosophy,AnD mAy EvEn rEACh into CErtAin ArEAs oF sCiEnCE. in FACt,it mAy opErAtE in Any FiElD oF group liFE,ApArt From thE tEChnologiCAl AnD utilitAriAn ArEA AnD thE ArEA oF thE sACrED、its opErAtion rEquirEs A ClAss soCiEty,For in its EssEntiAl ChArACtEr it DoEs not oCCur EithEr in A homogEnEous soCiEty likE A primitivE group,or in A CAstE(社会等级)soCiEty.
FAshion BEhAvEs As A movEmEnt,AnD on this BAsis it is DiFFErEnt From Custom whiCh,By CompArison,is stAtiC、this is DuE to thE FACt thAt FAshion is BAsED FunDAmEntAlly on DiFFErEntiAtion AnD EmulAtion(仿效)。in A ClAss soCiEty,thE uppEr ClAssEs or so-CAllED soCiAl ElitE(精英)ArE not ABlE to DiFFErEntiAtE thEmsElvEs By FixED symBols or BADgEs. hEnCE thE morE ExtErnAl FEAturEs oF thEir liFE AnD BEhAvior ArE likEly to BE imitAtED By ClAssEs immEDiAtEly BElow thEm,who,in turn,ArE imitAtED By groups immEDiAtEly BElow thEm in thE soCiAl struCturE. this proCEss givEs to FAshion A vErtiCAl DEsCEnt. howEvEr,thE ElitE ClAss FinDs thAt it is no longEr DistinguishABlE,By rEAson oF thE imitAtion mADE By othErs,AnD hEnCE is lED to ADopt nEw DiFFErEntiAting CritEriA,only to DisplACE thEsE As thEy in turn ArE imitAtED、it is primArily this FEAturE thAt mAkEs FAshion into A movEmEnt AnD whiCh hAs lED onE writEr to rEmArk thAt A FAshion,onCE lAunChED,movEs to its Doom.
As A movEmEnt,FAshion shows littlE rEsEmBlAnCE to Any oF thE othEr movEmEnts whiCh wE hAvE ConsiDErED、whilE it oCCurs spontAnEously AnD movEs Along in A ChArACtEristiC CyClE,it involvEs littlE in thE wAy oF CrowD BEhAvior AnD it is not DEpEnDEnt upon thE DisCussion proCEss AnD thE rEsulting puBliC opinion. it DoEs not DEpEnD upon thE mEChAnisms oF whiCh wE hAvE spokEn. thE pArtiCipAnts ArE not rECruitED through AgitAtion. no morAlE is Built up Among thEm. nor DoEs thE FAshion movEmEnt hAvE,or rEquirE,An iDEology. FurthEr,sinCE it DoEs not hAvE A lEADErship impArting ConsCious DirECtion to thE movEmEnt,it DoEs not BuilD up A sEt oF tACtiCs. pEoplE tAkE pArt in thE FAshion movEmEnt voluntArily AnD in rEsponsE to thE intErEsting AnD powErFul kinD oF Control whiCh FAshion imposEs on thEm.
36. it is known From thE First pArAgrAph thAt()
A、FAshion opErAtEs in EvEry soCiEty
B、FAshion CAn BE FounD only in A FEw FiElDs oF group liFE
C、FAshion originAtEs in A ClAss soCiEty
D、pEoplE likE to kEEp up with FAshion in A primitivE soCiEty
37.ACCorDing to thE Author,whiCh oF thE Following pEoplE usuAlly lEAD A nEw FAshion?()
A、philosophErs
B、Artists
C、writErs
D、thE soCiAl ElitE
38. thE Following stAtEmEnts ArE FAlsEExCEpt()
A、FAshion,As A movEmEnt,is stAtiC
B、A FAshion is DEstinED to DisAppEAr onCE it is lAunChED
C、A FAshion will nEvEr vAnish onCE it is introDuCED
D、thE uppEr ClAssEs plAy A littlE rolE in mAking FAshion into A movEmEnt
39.ACCorDing to thE Author,A FAshion movEmEnt()
A、will EvEntuAlly DEvElop into A soCiAl orgAnizAtion
B、hAs littlE in Common with othEr movEmEnts
C、hAs A powErFul lEADErship guiDing it
D、hAs A sEt oF symBols AnD vAluEs
40. it CAn BE inFErrED From thE pAssAgE thAt A FAshion movEmEnt()
A、is A Form oF ExprEssivE BEhAvior
B、ContriButEs A grEAt DEAl to thE wAy oF CrowD BEhAvior
C、CAn Boost thE morAlE oF its pArtiCipAnts
D、FunCtions in thE sAmE wAy As spECiFiC soCiAl movEmEnts
FAshion BEhAvEs As A movEmEnt,AnD on this BAsis it is DiFFErEnt From Custom whiCh,By CompArison,is stAtiC、this is DuE to thE FACt thAt FAshion is BAsED FunDAmEntAlly on DiFFErEntiAtion AnD EmulAtion(仿效)。in A ClAss soCiEty,thE uppEr ClAssEs or so-CAllED soCiAl ElitE(精英)ArE not ABlE to DiFFErEntiAtE thEmsElvEs By FixED symBols or BADgEs. hEnCE thE morE ExtErnAl FEAturEs oF thEir liFE AnD BEhAvior ArE likEly to BE imitAtED By ClAssEs immEDiAtEly BElow thEm,who,in turn,ArE imitAtED By groups immEDiAtEly BElow thEm in thE soCiAl struCturE. this proCEss givEs to FAshion A vErtiCAl DEsCEnt. howEvEr,thE ElitE ClAss FinDs thAt it is no longEr DistinguishABlE,By rEAson oF thE imitAtion mADE By othErs,AnD hEnCE is lED to ADopt nEw DiFFErEntiAting CritEriA,only to DisplACE thEsE As thEy in turn ArE imitAtED、it is primArily this FEAturE thAt mAkEs FAshion into A movEmEnt AnD whiCh hAs lED onE writEr to rEmArk thAt A FAshion,onCE lAunChED,movEs to its Doom.
As A movEmEnt,FAshion shows littlE rEsEmBlAnCE to Any oF thE othEr movEmEnts whiCh wE hAvE ConsiDErED、whilE it oCCurs spontAnEously AnD movEs Along in A ChArACtEristiC CyClE,it involvEs littlE in thE wAy oF CrowD BEhAvior AnD it is not DEpEnDEnt upon thE DisCussion proCEss AnD thE rEsulting puBliC opinion. it DoEs not DEpEnD upon thE mEChAnisms oF whiCh wE hAvE spokEn. thE pArtiCipAnts ArE not rECruitED through AgitAtion. no morAlE is Built up Among thEm. nor DoEs thE FAshion movEmEnt hAvE,or rEquirE,An iDEology. FurthEr,sinCE it DoEs not hAvE A lEADErship impArting ConsCious DirECtion to thE movEmEnt,it DoEs not BuilD up A sEt oF tACtiCs. pEoplE tAkE pArt in thE FAshion movEmEnt voluntArily AnD in rEsponsE to thE intErEsting AnD powErFul kinD oF Control whiCh FAshion imposEs on thEm.
36. it is known From thE First pArAgrAph thAt()
A、FAshion opErAtEs in EvEry soCiEty
B、FAshion CAn BE FounD only in A FEw FiElDs oF group liFE
C、FAshion originAtEs in A ClAss soCiEty
D、pEoplE likE to kEEp up with FAshion in A primitivE soCiEty
37.ACCorDing to thE Author,whiCh oF thE Following pEoplE usuAlly lEAD A nEw FAshion?()
A、philosophErs
B、Artists
C、writErs
D、thE soCiAl ElitE
38. thE Following stAtEmEnts ArE FAlsEExCEpt()
A、FAshion,As A movEmEnt,is stAtiC
B、A FAshion is DEstinED to DisAppEAr onCE it is lAunChED
C、A FAshion will nEvEr vAnish onCE it is introDuCED
D、thE uppEr ClAssEs plAy A littlE rolE in mAking FAshion into A movEmEnt
39.ACCorDing to thE Author,A FAshion movEmEnt()
A、will EvEntuAlly DEvElop into A soCiAl orgAnizAtion
B、hAs littlE in Common with othEr movEmEnts
C、hAs A powErFul lEADErship guiDing it
D、hAs A sEt oF symBols AnD vAluEs
40. it CAn BE inFErrED From thE pAssAgE thAt A FAshion movEmEnt()
A、is A Form oF ExprEssivE BEhAvior
B、ContriButEs A grEAt DEAl to thE wAy oF CrowD BEhAvior
C、CAn Boost thE morAlE oF its pArtiCipAnts
D、FunCtions in thE sAmE wAy As spECiFiC soCiAl movEmEnts
【分析解答题】管理具有一般性和特殊性,这说明()。
A.管理受普遍规律和特殊规律的双重约束
B.管理的普遍规律和特殊规律是一致的
C.管理的普遍规律通过特殊规律体现
D.管理的特殊性融合在普遍规律之中
A.管理受普遍规律和特殊规律的双重约束
B.管理的普遍规律和特殊规律是一致的
C.管理的普遍规律通过特殊规律体现
D.管理的特殊性融合在普遍规律之中
【单选题】行政强制执行最本质的特征是( )。
A.行政性
B.执行性
C.强制性
D.制裁性
A.行政性
B.执行性
C.强制性
D.制裁性
【单选题】从行政功能的角度,行政方法可以分为计划方法、()、组织方法、领导方法、协调方法等。
A.决策方法
B.系统方法
C.头脑风暴法
D.行为方法
A.决策方法
B.系统方法
C.头脑风暴法
D.行为方法
【单选题】管理的一般规律包括()。
A.管理的人本规律、管理的组织规律、管理的反馈规律
B.管理的择优规律、管理的权变规律、管理的发展规律
C.管理过程的循环规律、公共管理规律、工商管理规律
D.A和B
A.管理的人本规律、管理的组织规律、管理的反馈规律
B.管理的择优规律、管理的权变规律、管理的发展规律
C.管理过程的循环规律、公共管理规律、工商管理规律
D.A和B
【单选题】[案例一] 山田和玛丽的管理风格与理念 日本某工业总公司的创始人和总经理山田,习惯在下班前把办公桌清理一下,把没干完的工作装进包里带回家做。他以对人粗暴而闻名,看见员工做得不对,立刻就会发怒,甚至动手打人。工作中虽没有做错,但没有创新的人,也会遭到责骂。但事后山田会反省,并向员工解释发怒的原因。 公司员工并不讨厌山田,因为他们佩服他的表率作用。山田都是自己率先去干棘手的事,艰苦的活儿,亲自做示范,无声地告诉人们,你们也要这样干。例如:为了谈一宗出口生意, 山田在一家餐馆里招待外国商人。外国商人在洗手间不小心弄掉了金牙,山田二话没说,挽起袖子帮助客人捞出金牙,当场嘱咐员工对金牙做消毒处理后还给客人。外国商人被山田的行为深深打动,当场就签订了合同。 美国女企业家玛丽在这个问题上更有自己独到的见解。她认为称职的经理必须以身作则,领导的速度就是众人的速度。例如,所有美容顾问都必须对自己的生产线了如指掌,这项工作并不复杂,它只是一个学习和亲身实践的过程。另外,一个销售主任必须自己是商品专家,这才能说服其他美容顾问成为商品专家,一个不熟知商品知识的销售主任是无法开好销售会议的。 她说:“我相信,我们公司的情况也同其他公司一样,一个称职的经理是任何人也替代不了的。遗憾的是,许多为了晋升到经理层而努力工作的人真的当上经理后,身上却滋长出严重的官气。在我们公司里,有些人当上销售主任后,就不再亲自举办化妆品展销会了。她们围着办公桌转,似乎再也结识不到适合当美容顾问的人了,她们甚至不知道这是为什么!另外,一旦不再亲自举办化妆品展销会,也就不再能以实际行动激励部下那样做了。 “经理不但应在工作习惯方面,而且应在衣着打扮方面为员工树立一个好榜样。经理形象是十分重要的,我只是在自己的形象极佳时才肯接待光临我家的客人。我认为自己是一家化妆品公司的创始人,必须给人留下好的印象。我甚至不得不限制自己最喜爱的消遣方式:养花。因为要是让我们公司的人看见我身上沾满了泥浆,那多不好。我的这些做法已被传扬出去了。有人告诉我,我们的全国销售主任中有许多人在学着我的样子,都穿得十分漂亮,成了各自地区成千上万的美容顾问在穿着方面效法的榜样。 “人们往往模仿经理的工作习惯和修养,不管其工作习惯和修养是好还是坏。假如一个经理常常迟到,吃完午饭后迟迟不回到办公室,打起私人电话没完没了,不时因喝咖啡而中断工作,一天到晚眼睛老盯着墙上的挂钟,那么,他的部下大概也会如法炮制。值得庆幸的是,员工们也会模仿一个经理的好习惯。例如,我喜欢当天事当天了。尽管我从未要求过我的助手们也这样做,但是她们现在每天下班时,也把没有干完的工作带回家做。” “作为一个经理,你重任在肩。你的职位越高,越应重视给人留下良好的印象。因为经理总是处于众目睽睽之下,所以你在采取行动时务必要考虑到这一点。以身作则吧!过不了多久,你的部下就会照着你的样子去做。” 根据上述案例回答下列问题: 山田和玛丽主要实践了下列管理理论。()
A、领导权变理论、权力基础理论和领导风格理论
B.领导体制理论、领导素质理论和领导权变理论
C.情境领导理论、途径一目标理论和成熟和不成熟理论
D.需要理论、公平理论和强化理论
A、领导权变理论、权力基础理论和领导风格理论
B.领导体制理论、领导素质理论和领导权变理论
C.情境领导理论、途径一目标理论和成熟和不成熟理论
D.需要理论、公平理论和强化理论
【单选题】()是领导职能保持其权威性并得到有效实施的基础。
A.公正性
B.合法权力性
C.主导性
D.决断性
A.公正性
B.合法权力性
C.主导性
D.决断性
【单选题】[案例1]彼得的困惑最近,某航空公司总部流传着以下一则消息:公司总经理彼得想出卖自己的股票,但又想保住自己总经理的职务。传言是这样引起的:彼得为公司制定了两个方案,即一个是把航空公司的附属单位卖掉,另一个是利用公司的现有基础重新振兴发展。彼得曾对这两个方案的利弊进行了认真的分析,并委托副总经理查理提出一个参考意见。查理为此起草了一份备忘录,随后叫秘书戴安娜打印。戴安娜打印完后到职工咖啡厅去喝咖啡,碰到了另一位副总经理肯特,即把这一秘密报告告诉了他。戴安娜悄悄地对肯特说:“我得到了一个极为轰动的最新消息,彼得和查理准备成立另外一个航空公司。他们虽说不会裁减职工,但是我们应该联合起来,有所准备啊!”这话又被办公室的通讯员听到了,他马上把这消息告诉了他的上司史蒂夫。史蒂夫又为此事写了一个备忘录给主管人事的副总经理戴尔,戴尔也加入了他们的联合阵线,认为公司应保证兑现其不裁减职工的诺言。第二天,戴安娜正在打印有关公司发展的两份备忘录,又被路过办公室的财务主管罗斯看到了,罗斯随即跑到财务部说:“我真不敢相信公司会做出这样的事来。我们要被卖给德尔塔航空公司了,而且要大量裁减职工呢!”这消息传来传去,几天后又传回到总经理彼得的耳朵里。彼得还接到了许多极不友好,甚至敌意的电话和信件。许多员工指责他企图违背诺言而大批解雇工人,也有的员工为能与别的公司联合而感到兴奋,而彼得则被搞得困惑不解。根据上述案例回答下列问题: 有关彼得的传言流传很快的主要原因是()。
A、传言与员工的切身利益密切相关
B.该航空公司内部有良好的人际关系
C.员工中存在许多不满情绪
D.该航空公司的组织结构存在问题
A、传言与员工的切身利益密切相关
B.该航空公司内部有良好的人际关系
C.员工中存在许多不满情绪
D.该航空公司的组织结构存在问题
【单选题】
【单选题】 有效和冗长是语言体系的一个自相矛盾的特性,然而,当它们一块使用时,却能增加交流的有效性和可信赖性。如果某一种口语非常有效,那么它的每一个基本音素的所有可能排列都能组成一个可被理解的单词。但是,如果人类的听觉系统不是一个完善的声音接受器,那么一种口语的基本音素的每一个可能的排列都能构成一个可被理解的单词的想法就是不正确的。 如果上面所有的陈述都是正确的,那么下面哪项也一定是正确的
A.有效使一种口语有用,冗长使一种口语可信。
B.在口语中,有效和冗长不可能被完全达到。
C.如果一种口语非常的冗长,那么它就不可能有用。
D.如果人类的听觉系统是一个完善的声音接受器,那么语言音素的每一个排列都可产生一个能被理解的单词。
E.如果人类的听觉系统不是一个完善的声音接受器,那么口语就不可能非常有效。
A.有效使一种口语有用,冗长使一种口语可信。
B.在口语中,有效和冗长不可能被完全达到。
C.如果一种口语非常的冗长,那么它就不可能有用。
D.如果人类的听觉系统是一个完善的声音接受器,那么语言音素的每一个排列都可产生一个能被理解的单词。
E.如果人类的听觉系统不是一个完善的声音接受器,那么口语就不可能非常有效。
发布评论 查看全部评论