Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdon
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed " intuition " to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills.A、third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an "Aha! " experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that " thinking " is inseparable from acting. Since managers often " know " what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later.Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty ofmany of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
The passage provides support for which of the following statementsA．Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
B．Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
C．Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
D．Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.由曲线y=(0≤x≤π)与x轴围成的平面图形绕x轴旋转而成的旋转体体积为____
由曲线y=
(0≤x≤π)与x轴围成的平面图形绕x轴旋转而成的旋转体体积为______
A．
． B．
．
C．
． D．
．在我国，工人阶级同民族资产阶级的矛盾属于A．敌我矛盾B．人民内部矛盾C．主要矛盾
在我国，工人阶级同民族资产阶级的矛盾属于 A．敌我矛盾 B．人民内部矛盾 C．主要矛盾 D．对抗性矛盾患者，两目不黄，周身肌肤呈淡黄色，干萎无光泽，小便通畅而色不黄，倦怠乏力，眩晕耳
患者，两目不黄，周身肌肤呈淡黄色，干萎无光泽，小便通畅而色不黄，倦怠乏力，眩晕耳鸣，心悸少寐，大便溏薄，舌淡苔白，脉象濡细治宜用 A．六君子汤 B．茵陈蒿汤 C．香砂六君子汤 D．黄芪建中汤去年某经营儿童食品的商家采取了这样一种促销的方式，在每个出售的儿童食品包装中放入
去年某经营儿童食品的商家采取了这样一种促销的方式，在每个出售的儿童食品包装中放入一套小的系列画片中的一枚，这样，鼓励孩子们不断购买该商家出售的同种儿童食品，以便集齐整套的系列画片。这种销售方式收到很好的效果，很多商家也都准备仿效。 以下各项，如果为真，都能对上述促销方式提出质疑，除了______。A．随着儿童娱乐方式的多样化，系列画片对儿童的吸引力正在下降
B．在儿童们吃过一次不合口味的食品后，即使里面的画片再有趣，也不会准备再去买第二次
C．有些画片经营者针对儿童食品的这种促销策略，准备设计和推出更为有趣的系列画片
D．因为许多系列画片中经常有一两片很难集到，有的家长已经准备到消费者协会投诉这种不正当竞争行为肝的生理特性是A．主疏泄，调畅气机B．主藏血，调节血量C．喜条达而恶抑郁D．主血
肝的生理特性是 A．主疏泄，调畅气机 B．主藏血，调节血量 C．喜条达而恶抑郁 D．主血海而调冲任 E．主筋脉，开窍于目患者出现发热恶寒，头痛，咳嗽，咽干肿痛，大便溏泻，小便清长，证属A．上寒下热B．
患者出现发热恶寒，头痛，咳嗽，咽干肿痛，大便溏泻，小便清长，证属 A．上寒下热 B．真寒假热 C．表热里寒 D．真热假寒“人之初，性本善”是我国著名的蒙学著作《三字经》的开篇句，这句话来源于中国思想史
“人之初，性本善”是我国著名的蒙学著作《三字经》的开篇句，这句话来源于中国思想史上一位明确提出“人性善”的思想家______。- A．孔子
- B．老子
- C．孟子
- D．荀子
GeorgeWilliams,oneofScottsdale’slastrema
George Williams, one of Scottsdale’s last remaining cowboys, has been raising horses and cattle on his 120 acres for 20 years. The cattle go to the slaughterhouse, the horses to rodeos.But Mr. Williams is stomping maD、His problems began last year when dishonest neighbours started to steal his cattle. Then other neighbours, most of them newcomers, took offence at his horses roaming on their properties.
Such grumbles are common inArizonA、The most recentDepartment ofAgriculture census shows that 1 213 ofArizona’s 8 507 farms closed down between 1997 and 2002. Many cattlemen are moving out to remoter parts of the state.
Doc Lane is an executive at theArizonaCattlemen’sAssociation, a trade group. He saysArizona’s larger ranch owners are making decent profits from selling. It is the smaller players who are the victims of rising land values, higher mortgages and stiffer city council rules. What happens all too often is that people move in next to a farm because they think the land pretty.But soon they start complaining to the council. In Mr. Williams’s case it was the horses that annoyed them. Other newcomers don’t like the noise, the pesticides and the smell of manure.
Locals worry about the precious, dwindling cowboy culture.Arizona’s tourism boards like to promote a steady interest in all things about cowboy and western. Last year moreBritish and German tourists came than usual, and many of them were looking precisely for that.Arizona’sDude RanchAssociation fills its $ 350-a-night luxury ranches most of the year; roughly a third of the guests areEuropean.
Many of the ranchers themselves see all this tourism as a cheeky attempt to commercialise a real and vanishing culture. In Prescott, estate agents promote "American Ranch-style" homes with posters of horse riders. On the other side of the street is Whiskey Row, a famous strip of historic cowboy bars.But in Matt’s Saloon on Saturday night, real cattlemen could not be founD、
Farm folk like Mr. Knox and Mr. Williams are weighing up their options. Many will migrate to remoter places where land is cheaper and not crowded with city people. Younger ones take on side-jobs as contractors and are cattle-hands part-time. Older cowboys aren’t sure what to do.
The word "grumble" (Line 1 , Paragraph 2) most probably means ______.A．mutter.
B．phenomenon.
C．complaint.
D．gamble.Inhis1979book,TheSinkingArk,biologistNor
In his 1979 book, The SinkingArk, biologist Norman Myers estimated that (1) of more than 100 human-caused extinctions occur each clay, and that one million species (2) by the century’s enD、Yet there is little evidence of (3) that number of extinctions. For example, only seven species on the (4) species list have become extinct (5) the list was created in 1973.
Bio- (6) is an important value, according to many scientists. Nevertheless, the supposed mass extinction rates bandied about are (7) by multiplying (8) by improbables to get imponderables.
Many estimates, for instance, rely a great deal on a "species-area (9) ", which predicts that twice as many species will be found on 100 square miles (10) on ten square miles. The problem is that species are not distributed (11) , so bow much of a forest are destroyed may be as important as (12) .
(13) , saysAriel Lugo, director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry in Puerto Rico, "Biologists who predict high (14) rates (15) the resiliency of nature".
One of the main muses of extinctions is deforestation.According to theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research, what destroys tropical trees is not commercial logging, (16) "poor farmers who have no other (17) for feeding their families than slashing and burning a (18) of forest".
In countries that practice modern (19) agriculture, forests are in (20) danger. In 1920, U. S. forests covered 732 million acres. Today they cover 737 million.
A、anywhere near
B．somewhere near
C．anytime when
D．something like
交感神经兴奋的功能是A．心率加快、心收缩力增强B．支气管平滑肌收缩C．胃肠运动增
交感神经兴奋的功能是A．心率加快、心收缩力增强
B．支气管平滑肌收缩
C．胃肠运动增强
D．瞳孔散大
E．促进糖原分解下列关于国家宏观调控体系的说法哪些是正确的A．国家宏观调控体系指的是宏观调控的目
下列关于国家宏观调控体系的说法哪些是正确的
A．国家宏观调控体系指的是宏观调控的目标、功能、手段和方式
B．我国宏观调控体系正在逐步完善
C．计划、财政、金融等手段属于宏观调控体系，相应的法律以及行政手段也可以是宏观调控手段
D．抗大消费需求、治理需求过热更多的应当通过市场行为调控骨肉瘤的诊断依据中，最重要的是A．好发于青少年B．有新生骨形成C．肿瘤出血坏死D
骨肉瘤的诊断依据中，最重要的是 A．好发于青少年 B．有新生骨形成 C．肿瘤出血坏死 D．肉瘤细胞产生骨组织WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGior
WHO was the first modern artist.9 How about Giorgione (46)A、far-fetched notion, perhaps, but this Renaissance Venetian revolutionized painting--and his work, focusing on subjects such as bodies, landscapes and female beauty, was titled "modern" by the leading art commentator of the day, Vasari.
Giorgione was not alone, as illustrated by the excellent catalogue accompanying the exhibition "Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, and the Renaissance of Venetian Painting" now showing at the National Gallery ofArt in Washington,D、
C、(47)What made him, and the generation of artists he inspired, so special was his ability to absorb the new currents of culture then flowing through Venice.A、catalyst was Leonardo da Vinci, who briefly visited Venice in 1500. In Leonardo’s drawings, Giorgione, as well as the younger artist, Titian, and their master, GiovanniBellini, glimpsed a new conception of the human form, based on observation and expressed in smoky contours and subtle shades of light and dark.
Over the subsequent 30 years, one of the most exciting periods in the history of art unfoldeD、In readable, engaging essays,DavidBrown and Sylvia Ferino-Pagden, the exhibition’s curators, together with a team of top scholars, tell its story. We learn how this triumvirate of Venetian painters devoured not only Leonardo’s ideas, but also those ofAlbrechtDarer, the German artist whose realistic rendering of nature was known in Venice through prints, even before his sojourn there in 1506-7. (48)Darer’s work taught Venetian artists that landscape could be an independent element of a painting, rather than just a symbolic backdrop for religious subjects.
The result was a new style full of natural movement, sensuality and poetic atmosphere. (49) Venetian painting had long been characterized by its jewel-like color--obtained by grinding colored glass and minerals--but now it was applied in a way that gave art the kiss of life.
Giorgione blazed the trail.A、top student ofBellini, he later forged his own style, inspired by the current vogue for pastoral love poetry based on recently discovered ancient texts, then the bestsellers of Venice’s flourishing printing industry. (50) He excelled at what was known among the educated elite as the model a competition between painting and poetry in which painters sought to prove that they could rival poets in conveying beauty by appealing to the eyes, as well as to the minD、 This was revolutionary because it implied that painting originated in the imagination of the artist, rather than being a simple recording of the great and the good, history and religion. It proved painters were creators and not just craftsmen.我们之所以强调社会主义初级阶段的长期性是因为A．社会主义是一个相对独立的社会形态
我们之所以强调社会主义初级阶段的长期性是因为
A．社会主义是一个相对独立的社会形态
B．我国是—个经济文化落后的国家
C．需要对资本主义进行补课
D．发展社会主义政治、经济、文化是一个艰巨工程{{B}}Text2{{/B}}ThomasHardy’simpulsesasa
{{B}}Text 2{{/B}}Which of the following words could best be substituted for "relaxed" (Paragraph 3) without substantially changing the author’s meaningA．Wordy.
In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James learned, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeareD、A、desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.
In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one.And thus its indulgence did not result in a {{U}}relaxed{{/U}} style.But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous risky and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style--that sure index of an author’s literary worth--was certain to become verbose.
Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. He submitted of first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. His most controlled novel, {{U}}Under the Greenwood Tree{{/U}}, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulses--a desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be a psychologist of love but the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into two distinct parts.
B．Spontaneous.
Concise.
D．Commonplace.Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichm
To avoid the various foolish opinions to which man is liable, no superhuman genius is requireD、
A、few simple roles will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.
If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. 46) Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs.Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counteD、 He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we am all liable.
Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. 47) If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary, to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. 48) The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies.
For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. 49) This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not, subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi considered it unfortunate to have railways and steam- boats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granteD、50) But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Readthefollowingte
{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA,B,C、orD、onANSWER SHEET 1.A．unknowns
Bio- {{U}} (6) {{/U}} is an important value, according to many scientists. Nevertheless, the supposed mass extinction rates bandied about are {{U}} (7) {{/U}} by multiplying {{U}} (8) {{/U}} by improbables to get imponderables.
Many estimates, for instance, rely a great deal on a "species-area {{U}} (9) {{/U}} ", which predicts that twice as many species will be found on 100 square miles {{U}} (10) {{/U}} on ten square miles. The problem is that species are not distributed {{U}} (11) {{/U}} , so bow much of a forest are destroyed may be as important as {{U}} (12) {{/U}} .
{{U}} (13) {{/U}} , saysAriel Lugo, director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry in Puerto Rico, "Biologists who predict high {{U}} (14) {{/U}} rates {{U}} (15) {{/U}} the resiliency of nature".
One of the main muses of extinctions is deforestation.According to theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research, what destroys tropical trees is not commercial logging, {{U}} (16) {{/U}} "poor farmers who have no other {{U}} (17) {{/U}} for feeding their families than slashing and burning a {{U}} (18) {{/U}} of forest".
In countries that practice modern {{U}} (19) {{/U}} agriculture, forests are in {{U}} (20) {{/U}} danger. In 1920, U. S. forests covered 732 million acres. Today they cover 737 million.
B．unbalanceds
C．inappropriates
D．irrelevants王某将赵某杀死后逃往外地，因惧怕从重处罚，就给原居住地的公安机关打了一个电话，如
王某将赵某杀死后逃往外地，因惧怕从重处罚，就给原居住地的公安机关打了一个电话，如实交代了自己所犯的杀人罪行。王某在投案自首途中被公安机关逮捕。王某的行为( )。 A．属于立功表现 B．属于自首 C．属于坦白 D．不能视为自首